{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T05:03:48Z","timestamp":1789967028859,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Some cerebral demyelinating lesions occur after vaccination. We aimed to elucidate the precise roles of vaccine-activated immune cells and antigen-specific lymphocytes in the central nervous system of a patient who developed cerebral demyelination after vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using comprehensive single-cell RNA sequencing and immune repertoire analysis combined with a lymphocyte stimulation assay, we characterized the immunological landscape of a patient who developed right-hand clumsiness after receiving an mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 and was subsequently diagnosed with tumefactive cerebral demyelination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Natural killer cells and effector CD8+ T cells in the cerebrospinal fluid were more cytotoxic and activated than those in healthy controls. Effector CD8+ T cells specific to SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides were identified in the cerebrospinal fluid. The proportion of these cells in peripheral blood decreased after corticosteroid therapy, in parallel with clinical improvement and a reduction in lesion size.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although a direct causal relationship between vaccination and demyelination remains uncertain, our findings suggest that vaccine-activated cytotoxic lymphocytes contribute to immune-mediated demyelinating events in the central nervous system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1920061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T04:28:00Z","timestamp":1789964880000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification of SARS-CoV-2-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes in cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with cerebral demyelination Post mRNA vaccination"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Takaya","family":"Kitano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital","place":["Osaka, Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Osaka","place":["Osaka, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masakazu","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Immunology (Single Cell Genomics), WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, the University of Osaka","place":["Osaka, Japan"]},{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, the University of Osaka","place":["Osaka, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Kinoshita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Osaka","place":["Osaka, 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