{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:16:07Z","timestamp":1788419767581,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100032501","name":"CureVac","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100032501","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Increasing antimicrobial resistance and the high health and economic burden of frequent, recurring urinary tract infections (rUTIs) drive the need for an efficacious UTI vaccine. Most UTIs are caused by uropathogenic\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (UPEC) expressing the virulence factor FimH, which mediates bladder colonisation. We have developed a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) mRNA vaccine, FimH\n                      <jats:sub>DG<\/jats:sub>\n                      -Ferritin, as a UPEC vaccine candidate.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      FimH\n                      <jats:sub>DG<\/jats:sub>\n                      -Ferritin mRNA constructs were introduced into HeLa cells through mRNA-transfection to assess the generation of immune-accessible protein nanoparticles (PNPs)\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and negative stain electron microscopy. Following this, induction of humoral and cellular responses were evaluated in female BALB\/c AnNRj mice and Wistar rats following either 2 or 3 intramuscular administrations of the FimH\n                      <jats:sub>DG<\/jats:sub>\n                      -Ferritin mRNA vaccine. Finally, protective efficacy was assessed in a clinically relevant mouse model of rUTI.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      PNP formation of the FimH\n                      <jats:sub>DG<\/jats:sub>\n                      -Ferritin fusion protein with intact functional epitopes was confirmed. Immunogenicity was demonstrated in mice and rats; equivalent functional antibody levels were raised against homologous and heterologous UPEC strains. In a rUTI mouse model, FimH\n                      <jats:sub>DG<\/jats:sub>\n                      -Ferritin mRNA vaccine administration induced the highest levels of functional antibodies among protein subunit comparators and significantly reduced bladder bacterial load versus negative controls.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These preclinical data in rodents establish the FimH\n                      <jats:sub>DG<\/jats:sub>\n                      -Ferritin mRNA vaccine as a protective candidate vaccine to prevent UTI caused by UPEC, supporting consideration for phase 1 clinical evaluation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1920497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:43:38Z","timestamp":1788417818000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An mRNA-based FimH nanoparticle vaccine against uropathogenic Escherichia coli confers protection in a mouse model of recurrent urinary tract infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sandro","family":"Roier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CureVac SE","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica M.","family":"Devant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CureVac SE","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Hibbing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fimbrion Therapeutics Inc., Saint Louis","place":["MO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"M\u00f6bes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CureVac SE","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolin","family":"Kruth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CureVac SE","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Kovacikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CureVac SE","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven M.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fimbrion Therapeutics Inc., Saint Louis","place":["MO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chanpheng","family":"Phommaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fimbrion Therapeutics Inc., Saint Louis","place":["MO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Hannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fimbrion Therapeutics Inc., Saint Louis","place":["MO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edith","family":"Jasny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CureVac SE","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.888205","article-title":"Disease burden and long-term trends of urinary tract infections: A worldwide report","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3432","article-title":"Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options","volume":"13","author":"Flores-Mireles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-014-2569-5","article-title":"Recurrent urinary tract infections in women","volume":"26","author":"Aydin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"B4","article-title":"Recurrent urinary tract infections","volume-title":"Statpearls","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2026"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii2","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx504","article-title":"Antibiotics in primary care in England: which antibiotics are prescribed and for which conditions","volume":"73","author":"Dolk","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1756287219832172","article-title":"An introduction to the epidemiology and burden of urinary tract infections","volume":"11","author":"Medina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther Adv Urol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life14010106","article-title":"Update on urinary tract infection antibiotic resistance - A retrospective study in females in conjunction with clinical data","volume":"14","author":"Mare\u015f","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlad156","article-title":"Epidemiology and microbiology of recurrent UTI in women in the community in Oxfordshire, UK","volume":"6","author":"Vazquez-Montes","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAC-Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00303-2","article-title":"The role of bacterial vaccines in the fight against antimicrobial resistance: an analysis of the preclinical and clinical development pipeline","volume":"4","author":"Frost","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2004.12.009","article-title":"A long-term, multicenter, double-blind study of an Escherichia coli extract (OM-89) in female patients with recurrent urinary tract infections","volume":"47","author":"Bauer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.112","article-title":"MV140, a sublingual polyvalent bacterial preparation to treat recurrent urinary tract infections, licenses human dendritic cells for generating Th1, Th17, and IL-10 responses via Syk and MyD88","volume":"10","author":"Benito-Villalvilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-021-02987-4","article-title":"Efficacy of vaccination with StroVac for recurrent urinary tract infections in women: a comparative single-centre study","volume":"53","author":"Nestler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2019.11.002","article-title":"Role of vaccines for recurrent urinary tract infections: a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Prattley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Urol Focus"},{"key":"B14","unstructured":"Vaccines licensed for use in the United States\n          \n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-022-01294-2","article-title":"The clinical progress of mRNA vaccines and immunotherapies","volume":"40","author":"Barbier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-025-02070-z","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities in mRNA vaccine development against bacteria","volume":"10","author":"Aernout","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2024.02.013","article-title":"mRNA vaccine platforms to prevent bacterial infections","volume":"30","author":"Bergstrom","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.psib-0010-2018","article-title":"The remarkable biomechanical properties of the type 1 chaperone-usher pilus: A structural and molecular perspective","volume":"7","author":"Hospenthal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0902179106","article-title":"Positive selection identifies an in vivo role for FimH during urinary tract infection in addition to mannose binding","volume":"106","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1315203110","article-title":"Positively selected FimH residues enhance virulence during urinary tract infection by altering FimH conformation","volume":"110","author":"Schwartz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adw0698","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies targeting the FimH adhesin protect against uropathogenic E. coli UTI","volume":"11","author":"Lopatto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22972","article-title":"Selective depletion of uropathogenic E. coli from the gut by a FimH antagonist","volume":"546","author":"Spaulding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.6b00948","article-title":"Antivirulence C-mannosides as antibiotic-sparing, oral therapeutics for urinary tract infections","volume":"59","author":"Mydock-McGrane","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109ra15","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003021","article-title":"Treatment and prevention of urinary tract infection with orally active FimH inhibitors","volume":"3","author":"Cusumano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1668937","article-title":"An mRNA-based FimH nanoparticle vaccine against uropathogenic Escherichia coli is highly immunogenic in rodents","volume":"16","author":"Roier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29174221","article-title":"Self-assembled ferritin nanoparticles for delivery of antigens and development of vaccines: from structure and property to applications","volume":"29","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.69.7.4572-4579.2001","article-title":"Establishment of a persistent Escherichia coli reservoir during the acute phase of a bladder infection","volume":"69","author":"Mulvey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12202","article-title":"Self-assembling influenza nanoparticle vaccines elicit broadly neutralizing H1N1 antibodies","volume":"499","author":"Kanekiyo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004599","article-title":"Uropathogenic Escherichia coli superinfection enhances the severity of mouse bladder infection","volume":"11","author":"Schwartz","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.116","article-title":"A murine model of urinary tract infection","volume":"4","author":"Hung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"B31","article-title":"inventors","volume-title":"Compositions of vaccines and adjuvants and methods for the treatment of urinary tract infections","author":"Eldridge","year":"2015"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.46677","article-title":"Mucosal infection rewires TNF\u0251 signaling dynamics to skew susceptibility to recurrence","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.54.3.613-620.1986","article-title":"Regulation of production of type 1 pili among urinary tract isolates of Escherichia coli","volume":"54","author":"Hultgren","year":"1986","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.33.3.933-938.1981","article-title":"Construction and expression of recombinant plasmids encoding type 1 or D-mannose-resistant pili from a urinary tract infection Escherichia coli isolate","volume":"33","author":"Hull","year":"1981","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.58.5.1281-1289.1990","article-title":"Pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli and killing of cultured human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells: role of hemolysin in some strains","volume":"58","author":"Mobley","year":"1990","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026578","article-title":"Insights into a multidrug resistant Escherichia coli pathogen of the globally disseminated st131 lineage: genome analysis and virulence mechanisms","volume":"6","author":"Totsika","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001042","article-title":"Early severe inflammatory responses to uropathogenic E. coli predispose to chronic and recurrent urinary tract infection","volume":"6","author":"Hannan","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2014.10.011","article-title":"Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 prevents chronic and recurrent cystitis","volume":"1","author":"Hannan","year":"2014","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16196","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.196","article-title":"A mucosal imprint left by prior Escherichia coli bladder infection sensitizes to recurrent disease","volume":"2","author":"O'Brien","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2147\/PLMI.S409488","article-title":"Microbial threshold guidelines for UTI diagnosis: A scoping systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Hilt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathol Lab Med Int"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00169-24","article-title":"A cynomolgus monkey E. coli urinary tract infection model confirms efficacy of new FimH vaccine candidates","volume":"92","author":"Chorro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5312.607","article-title":"Prevention of mucosal Escherichia coli infection by FimH-adhesin-based systemic vaccination","volume":"276","author":"Langermann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1834807","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of an adjuvanted Escherichia coli adhesin vaccine in healthy women with and without histories of recurrent urinary tract infections: results from a first-in-human phase 1 study","volume":"17","author":"Eldridge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00479-7","article-title":"A guide to vaccinology: from basic principles to new developments","volume":"21","author":"Pollard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012325","article-title":"Structure-based design of an immunogenic, conformationally stabilized FimH antigen for a urinary tract infection vaccine","volume":"21","author":"Silmon de Monerri","year":"2025","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.12.36","article-title":"Preventing urinary tract infection: progress toward an effective Escherichia coli vaccine","volume":"11","author":"Brumbaugh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000586","article-title":"Mucosal immunization with iron receptor antigens protects against urinary tract infection","volume":"5","author":"Alteri","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2008.01230.x","article-title":"G-CSF induction early in uropathogenic Escherichia coli infection of the urinary tract modulates host immunity","volume":"10","author":"Ingersoll","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02813430902757634","article-title":"Cytokines in urine in elderly subjects with acute cystitis and asymptomatic bacteriuria","volume":"27","author":"Rodhe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scandinavian J Primary Health Care"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1770034","article-title":"Optimization and qualification of an assay that demonstrates that a FimH vaccine induces functional antibody responses in women with histories of urinary tract infections","volume":"17","author":"Starks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Vaccines Immunotherapeutics"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9070397","article-title":"FimH and anti-adhesive therapeutics: a disarming strategy against uropathogens","volume":"9","author":"Sarshar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10453","article-title":"Distribution of phylogenetic groups, adhesin genes, biofilm formation, and antimicrobial resistance of uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from hospitalized patients in Thailand","volume":"8","author":"Tewawong","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.02915.x","article-title":"Structural basis of tropism of Escherichia coli to the bladder during urinary tract infection","volume":"44","author":"Hung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00162-12","article-title":"Decreased expression of type 1 fimbriae by a pst mutant of uropathogenic Escherichia coli reduces urinary tract infection","volume":"80","author":"Cr\u00e9pin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13070745","article-title":"Ferritin-based HA DNA vaccine outperforms conventional designs in inducing protective immunity against seasonal influenza","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-021-00414-4","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 ferritin nanoparticle vaccine induces robust innate immune activity driving polyfunctional spike-specific T cell responses","volume":"6","author":"Carmen","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2016.1129905","article-title":"HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein immunogens to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies","volume":"15","author":"Sliepen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.ade4790","article-title":"An influenza hemagglutinin stem nanoparticle vaccine induces cross-group 1 neutralizing antibodies in healthy adults","volume":"15","author":"Widge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf695.061","article-title":"182. Progress towards an EBV vaccine: results of a phase i, first-in-human EBV gp350 ferritin nanoparticle vaccine candidate adjuvanted with Matrix-M\u00ae","volume":"13","author":"Durkee-Shock","year":"2026","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13122714","article-title":"Current scientific advances in vaccines against UTIs: challenges and prospects","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microorganisms"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1920497\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:43:42Z","timestamp":1788417822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1920497\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1920497"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1920497","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"article-number":"1920497"}}