{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T11:05:25Z","timestamp":1789729525372,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Innate immunity constitutes a pivotal defense mechanism protecting the maternal-fetal interface against viral pathogens. However, the dynamics of placental immunity in pregnant women with chronic HIV-1 infection undergoing suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) remain poorly understood. Tripartite motif (TRIM) family proteins act as critical host restriction factors or indirect regulators of antiviral pathways through ubiquitination cascades.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, we profiled the transcriptional expression of prominent antiviral\n                      <jats:italic>TRIM<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes \u2212 namely\n                      <jats:italic>TRIM5\u03b1, TRIM8, TRIM21, TRIM22, TRIM39, TRIM64B,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>TRIM71<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2212 in both the decidual and chorionic villi compartments of HIV-1-infected parturient women with undetectable viral loads compared to healthy controls (HC).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Quantitative real-time PCR in the decidua and villi was performed in both the decidual and chorionic villi compartments of HIV-1-infected parturient women compared to HC. Gene network was generated using GeneMANIA was assessed to identify functionally related genes. Given that TRIM21 classically intercepts antibody-coated target complexes, we evaluated its spatial intersection with maternal humoral components via immunofluorescence using a TissueGnostics scanning confocal microscope.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Quantitative real-time PCR revealed compartment-specific alterations, with a significant upregulation of\n                      <jats:italic>TRIM21, TRIM39<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>TRIM64B<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the decidua, and\n                      <jats:italic>TRIM21<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>TRIM39<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the chorionic villi of the HIV-1 group. Systems biology and functional network analyses integrated these central hubs (\n                      <jats:italic>TRIM21, TRIM39<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>TRIM64B<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) into pathways governing the innate immune response, multi-step protein ubiquitination, type I interferon signaling, response to virus and the regulation of cytokine production. Notably, TRIM21 and IgG protein expressions, along with their physical intracellular colocalization, were significantly enriched exclusively within the placental villi of HIV-1-infected mothers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Taken together, our findings unveil a localized upregulation of antiviral\n                      <jats:italic>TRIM<\/jats:italic>\n                      factors at the maternal-fetal interface and highlight a novel enrichment of TRIM21\u2013IgG complexes within the chorionic villi. This specialized intracellular synergy between innate and humoral mechanisms opens promising avenues for therapeutic and protective strategies against vertical viral transmission.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1922263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T10:49:12Z","timestamp":1789728552000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enrichment of the TRIM21-IgG complex in placental villi during HIV-1 infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Beatriz Noronha","family":"Campo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Investigation 56, Department of Dermatology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School, Institute of Tropical Medicine","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuella Sarmento 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Mayer","family":"Milanez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tocoginecologia, State University of Campinas","place":["Campinas, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirian Nacagami","family":"Sotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Investigation 50, Department of Pathology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela Domingues","family":"Mattos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Investigation 56, Department of Dermatology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School, Institute of Tropical Medicine","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Benevides","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Investigation 56, Department of Dermatology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School, Institute of Tropical Medicine","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Pereira","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Investigation 56, Department of Dermatology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School, Institute of Tropical Medicine","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina de Mello","family":"Naresse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tocoginecologia, State University of Campinas","place":["Campinas, 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