{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T05:55:42Z","timestamp":1790920542082,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019590","name":"Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Biopharmaceutical Accelerator","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019590","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The escalating global incidence of multidrug-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      necessitates an effective vaccine. While the meningococcal 4CMenB vaccine offers some cross-protection against gonorrhoea, this protection is limited highlighting the need for a targeted gonococcal vaccine. In this study, we evaluate the durability of immune response and characterise the immunogenicity induced by GonoVac, a native Outer Membrane Vesicle (nOMV) vaccine produced from\n                      <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      GC_0817560\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        lpxL1\n                        <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      , across genetically distinct strains of mouse.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We evaluated the longevity of the immune response induced by two and three doses of GonoVac formulated with aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) over a one-year period (49 weeks for C57BL\/6 and CD1 mice, 33 weeks for BALB\/c mice), compared to the meningococcal group B vaccine, 4CMenB. Identical immunisation schedules were followed in BALB\/c, C57BL\/6, and CD1 mice. Separately, we examined the impact of Al(OH)\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      on GonoVac immunogenicity in all three mouse strains. Serological, mucosal, and cellular responses were assessed using ELISA, serum bactericidal assays (SBA) and ELISpot.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      GonoVac with Al(OH)\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      induced robust, long-lasting anti-gonococcal IgG responses in all three strains of mice and significantly higher levels of antibody-dependent complement-mediated killing of gonococci in C57BL\/6 and CD1 mice compared with 4CMenB. Immune responses were maintained for up to one year. Serum anti-gonococcal IgG subclass distributions varied across mouse strains and between GonoVac and 4CMenB in the same strain of mouse. GonoVac formulated with and without Al(OH)\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      elicited high levels of antibody-dependent complement-mediated killing of\n                      <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      irrespective of mouse strain. While mucosal IgG responses were robust with both GonoVac formulations, Al(OH)\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      significantly enhancing cellular immunity in BALB\/c and CD1 mice compared with C57BL\/6 mice.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings demonstrate that GonoVac, a preclinical candidate gonococcal nOMV vaccine, induces durable and functional anti-gonococcal immune responses that are higher than 4CMenB, across three commonly used laboratory strains of mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1923399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T05:37:54Z","timestamp":1790919474000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A candidate gonococcal outer membrane vesicle vaccine which induces persistent immunity in three genetically distinct species of mouse and is similarly immunogenic when formulated with and without aluminium adjuvant"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Onofrio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Belcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Keele University","place":["Keele, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly E.","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Lupoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler","family":"Freslov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Senuri N.","family":"Dissanayake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukasz A.","family":"Grudzein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Freixeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine S.","family":"Rollier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Surrey","place":["Guildford, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calman A.","family":"MacLennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United 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