{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T06:08:11Z","timestamp":1788761291069,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exercise can modulate immune function and inflammatory signaling in cancer populations; however, its effects on the immune system in men with localized prostate cancer undergoing active surveillance are unknown. This study examined the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on circulating immune cell phenotypes, function, and systemic cytokine levels in this clinical setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a secondary analysis of the Exercise During Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer (ERASE) trial, a single-center randomized controlled trial. Fifty-two men with localized prostate cancer on active surveillance were randomized to a 12-week supervised aerobic HIIT program (n=26) or usual care (n=26). HIIT consisted of three sessions per week at 85% to 95% of peak oxygen consumption. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline and post-intervention. Changes in immune cell subsets (T cells, B cells, and NK cells; flow cytometry), NK cell cytotoxicity, and plasma cytokine concentrations were assessed. Analyses of covariance were used to compare between-group differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The HIIT group attended 96% of prescribed sessions. Compared with usual care, the HIIT group showed a significant increase in the proportion of the circulating major NK-cell subset (CD3\u2212CD56+CD16+) (adjusted between-group difference, 2.0%; 95% CI, 0.3 to 3.7; p=0.024) and PBMC-mediated cytotoxicity against K562 (2.9%; 95% CI, 0.3 to 5.4; p=0.031). A significant between-group decrease was also observed in basophil counts (-0.04 \u00d710\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/L; 95% CI, -0.07 to -0.01;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.011), with no differences in other leukocyte populations. HIIT significantly reduced plasma levels of IL-4 (-0.02 pg\/mL; 95% CI, -0.03 to -0.01;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.011) and IL-12p70 (-0.14 pg\/mL; 95% CI, -0.23 to -0.06;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.002) compared with usual care. No significant between-group differences were observed in T cell or B cell subsets, or other inflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 12-week supervised HIIT program significantly increased the proportion of the circulating major NK-cell subset and PBMC-mediated cytotoxicity while reducing IL-4 and IL-12p70 concentrations in men with prostate cancer undergoing active surveillance. Because these were peripheral-blood measures rather than tumor-level readouts, and given the exploratory design and number of comparisons, these findings should be interpreted as hypothesis-generating and require confirmation in larger, adequately powered studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1923463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T05:33:10Z","timestamp":1788759190000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Changes in circulating immune cells and cytokines after high-intensity aerobic exercise in patients with prostate cancer undergoing active surveillance from the ERASE randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Dong-Woo","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center","place":["Seattle, WA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington","place":["Seattle, WA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhruvesh","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta","place":["Edmonton, AB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine J.","family":"Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta","place":["Edmonton, AB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Normand G.","family":"Boul\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta","place":["Edmonton, AB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian S.","family":"Fairey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta","place":["Edmonton, AB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keri L.","family":"Schadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center","place":["Houston, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerry S.","family":"Courneya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta","place":["Edmonton, AB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.314617.118","article-title":"Roles of the immune system in cancer: from tumor initiation to metastatic progression","volume":"32","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation","volume":"144","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.025","article-title":"Immunity, inflammation, and cancer","volume":"140","author":"Grivennikov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2011.04033.x","article-title":"Prostate cancer and inflammation: the evidence","volume":"60","author":"Sfanos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2015.08.001","article-title":"Exercise and the regulation of immune functions","volume":"135","author":"Simpson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.3.1055","article-title":"Exercise and the immune system: regulation, integration, and adaptation","volume":"80","author":"Pedersen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B7","first-page":"6","article-title":"Position statement. 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