{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T11:57:06Z","timestamp":1791201426579,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":237,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex ecosystem that dynamically regulates tumor progression and therapeutic responses. Within this environment, innate immune cells play prominent dual roles, acting as both critical mediators of anti-tumor surveillance and facilitators of tumor immune escape. This review comprehensively synthesizes the phenotypic plasticity and functional heterogeneity of key innate immune cell subsets in tumor immunity, including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), natural killer (NK) cells, tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), dendritic cells (DCs), as well as emerging players such as \u03b3\u03b4 T cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Mechanistically, we dissect core pathways governing innate immune cell function in the TME: the cGAS-STING pathway regulates type I interferon responses and immunogenicity; the NF-\u03baB\/STAT3 network coordinates inflammation and immunosuppression; the PD-1\/PD-L1 axis mediates T cell exhaustion and innate cell dysfunction. Additionally, tumor-driven metabolic reprogramming and extracellular vesicles (EVs) intercellular communication collectively shape the immunosuppressive TME. We further evaluate emerging therapeutic strategies targeting innate immunity. This narrative review provides a comprehensive mechanistic framework and theoretical basis for developing precise, innate immunity-targeted cancer immunotherapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1923822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T11:19:48Z","timestamp":1791199188000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Innate immune cells in tumor immunity: dual roles, mechanistic insights, and therapeutic opportunities"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Songhang","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]},{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manwei","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wurihan","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojie","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuefeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1204479","article-title":"Two hundred years of cancer research","volume":"366","author":"DeVita","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar4060","article-title":"Cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade","volume":"359","author":"Ribas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar6711","article-title":"CAR T cell immunotherapy for human cancer","volume":"359","author":"June","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-021-00347-z","article-title":"Systemic immunity in cancer","volume":"21","author":"Hiam-Galvez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.2535","article-title":"Estimation of the percentage of US patients with cancer who are eligible for and respond to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy drugs","volume":"2","author":"Haslam","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.01.017","article-title":"Primary, adaptive, and acquired resistance to cancer immunotherapy","volume":"168","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0014-x","article-title":"Understanding the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) for effective therapy","volume":"24","author":"Binnewies","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00176898","article-title":"The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. 1889","volume":"46","author":"Paget","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation","volume":"144","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci81136","article-title":"Exosomes and tumor-mediated immune suppression","volume":"126","author":"Whiteside","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3245","article-title":"The immune contexture in human tumours: Impact on clinical outcome","volume":"12","author":"Fridman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.Cd-20-1808","article-title":"Therapeutic targeting of the tumor microenvironment","volume":"11","author":"Bejarano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104803","article-title":"The three Es of cancer immunoediting","volume":"22","author":"Dunn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06309","article-title":"Adaptive immunity maintains occult cancer in an equilibrium state","volume":"450","author":"Koebel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1203486","article-title":"Cancer immunoediting: Integrating immunity's roles in cancer suppression and promotion","volume":"331","author":"Schreiber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2703","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immune cells in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"14","author":"Gajewski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01127-z","article-title":"Innate lymphoid cells and cancer","volume":"23","author":"Jacquelot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3904","article-title":"\u03b3\u03b4 T cells in cancer","volume":"15","author":"Silva-Santos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58068-y","article-title":"Author correction: Systematic dissection of tumor-normal single-cell ecosystems across a thousand tumors of 30 cancer types","volume":"16","author":"Kang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1160809","article-title":"Understanding the Warburg effect: The metabolic requirements of cell proliferation","volume":"324","author":"Heiden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.08.016","article-title":"Metabolic competition in the tumor microenvironment is a driver of cancer progression","volume":"162","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6977","article-title":"The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes","volume":"367","author":"Kalluri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70599","article-title":"Tumor-associated macrophages as therapeutic targets: Deciphering interaction networks and advancing clinical translation","volume":"7","author":"Bao","year":"2026","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-024-01216-z","article-title":"Macrophage diversity in cancer dissemination and metastasis","volume":"21","author":"Mantovani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1658795","article-title":"Progress in targeting tumor-associated macrophages in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02325-5","article-title":"Dual roles and therapeutic targeting of tumor-associated macrophages in tumor microenvironments","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1295257","article-title":"Tumor-associated macrophages: An effective player of the tumor microenvironment","volume":"14","author":"Basak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1679271","article-title":"Emerging macrophage-based therapies for cancer: A review of preclinical and clinical advances","volume":"16","author":"Brancewicz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202520903","article-title":"Leveraging macrophage metabolic reprogramming for enhanced anti-tumor immunity","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-024-00522-z","article-title":"Targeting M2-like tumor-associated macrophages is a potential therapeutic approach to overcome antitumor drug resistance","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e28332","article-title":"Macrophage diversity in human cancers: New insight provided by single-cell resolution and spatial context","volume":"10","author":"Rakina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49885-8","article-title":"Using a pan-cancer atlas to investigate tumour associated macrophages as regulators of immunotherapy response","volume":"15","author":"Coulton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-24-0791","article-title":"Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics reveal a tumor-associated macrophage subpopulation that mediates prostate cancer progression and metastasis","volume":"23","author":"Mei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Res"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-024-01417-w","article-title":"An update to experimental and clinical aspects of tumor-associated macrophages in cancer development: Hopes and pitfalls","author":"Salmaninejad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-019-0760-3","article-title":"Tumor-associated macrophages in tumor metastasis: Biological roles and clinical therapeutic applications","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1571583","article-title":"The role and clinical significance of tumor-associated macrophages in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lung cancer","volume":"15","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173090","article-title":"Macrophage M1\/M2 polarization","volume":"886","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01462","article-title":"The metabolic signature of macrophage responses","volume":"10","author":"Viola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.02.016","article-title":"The evolving tumor microenvironment from cancer initiation to metastatic outgrowth","volume":"41","author":"de Visser","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00506-6","article-title":"Targeting macrophages in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeted Ther"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1166487","article-title":"Reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages as a unique approach to target tumor immunotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2015.5","article-title":"NK cells and cancer: You can teach innate cells new tricks","volume":"16","author":"Morvan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0052-1","article-title":"NK cells for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Shimasaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44789-z","article-title":"Rapid functional impairment of natural killer cells following tumor entry limits anti-tumor immunity","volume":"15","author":"Dean","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00732-1","article-title":"Roles of natural killer cells in immunity to cancer, and applications to immunotherapy","volume":"23","author":"Wolf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13171464","article-title":"Maintaining the balance: regulation of NK cell activity","volume":"13","author":"Im\u0161irovi\u0107","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1087155","article-title":"NK cell education: Physiological and pathological influences","volume":"14","author":"Rascle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0723","article-title":"Natural killer cell immune checkpoints and their therapeutic targeting in cancer treatment","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Res (Wash D C)"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00760","article-title":"NK cell exhaustion","volume":"8","author":"Bi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1609479","article-title":"NK cell activity in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"13","author":"Kuznetsova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25063313","article-title":"A molecular perspective on HIF-1alpha and angiogenic stimulator networks and their role in solid tumors: An update","volume":"25","author":"Magar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.06.021","article-title":"Dysfunction of natural killer cells by FBP1-induced inhibition of glycolysis during lung cancer progression","author":"Cong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05033-w","article-title":"Advances in metabolic reprogramming of NK cells in the tumor microenvironment on the impact of NK therapy","author":"Miao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.08.011","article-title":"LDHA-associated lactic acid production blunts tumor immunosurveillance by T and NK cells","author":"Brand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/research.1316","article-title":"Extracellular metabolites and natural killer cell antitumor function: Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies","author":"Zang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Res (Wash D C)"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00940","article-title":"The tumor microenvironment: A milieu hindering and obstructing antitumor immune responses","volume":"11","author":"Labani-Motlagh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20051511","article-title":"CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells inhibit natural killer cell functions in a transforming growth factor-\u03b2-dependent manner","volume":"202","author":"Ghiringhelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aad1884","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 inhibits the activation and functions of NK cells by repressing the mTOR pathway","volume":"9","author":"Viel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Signaling"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3800","article-title":"Tumor immunoevasion by the conversion of effector NK cells into type 1 innate lymphoid cells","volume":"18","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1593\/neo.121758","article-title":"The proangiogenic phenotype of natural killer cells in patients with non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"15","author":"Bruno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-1440-1-15","article-title":"Generation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells using prostaglandin E2","author":"Obermajer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transplant Res"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02648725.2023.2215028","article-title":"Preliminary study on the significance of pathological characteristics analysis of breast cancer and detection of peripheral blood myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the evaluation of biological characteristics","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2024.8796","article-title":"A potential mechanism of tumor immune escape: Regulation and application of soluble natural killer group 2 member D ligands (Review)","volume":"45","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12081079","article-title":"The role and regulation of the NKG2D\/NKG2D ligand system in cancer","volume":"12","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol (Basel)"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.Ccr-19-2095","article-title":"The NKG2A-HLA-E axis as a novel checkpoint in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"26","author":"Borst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1286750","article-title":"Charting a killer course to the solid tumor: Strategies to recruit and activate NK cells in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"14","author":"Portillo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.12.012","article-title":"Neutrophils in homeostasis, immunity, and cancer","volume":"46","author":"Nicolas-Avila","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2016.52","article-title":"Neutrophils in cancer: Neutral no more","volume":"16","author":"Coffelt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.02.005","article-title":"Neutrophil profiling illuminates anti-tumor antigen-presenting potency","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2009.06.017","article-title":"Polarization of tumor-associated neutrophil phenotype by TGF-\u03b2: \"N1\" versus \"N2\" TAN","volume":"16","author":"Fridlender","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-020-0281-y","article-title":"Neutrophil diversity and plasticity in tumour progression and therapy","volume":"20","author":"Jaillon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.03.001","article-title":"CXCR1 and CXCR2 chemokine receptor agonists produced by tumors induce neutrophil extracellular traps that interfere with immune cytotoxicity","volume":"52","author":"Teijeira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02242-7","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of tumor-associated neutrophils: Dual role and phenotypic plasticity","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15133327","article-title":"Circulating and tumor-associated neutrophils in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitors: Dynamics, phenotypes, metabolism, and functions","volume":"15","author":"Gibellini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70063","article-title":"Neutrophil heterogeneity and plasticity: Unveiling the multifaceted roles in health and disease","volume":"6","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm (2020)"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2025.5734","article-title":"Tumor-associated neutrophils: Critical regulators in cancer progression and therapeutic resistance (Review)","volume":"66","author":"Hou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.105","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in immunity and disease","volume":"18","author":"Papayannopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci67484","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps sequester circulating tumor cells and promote metastasis","volume":"123","author":"Cools-Lartigue","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao4227","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps produced during inflammation awaken dormant cancer cells in mice","volume":"361","author":"Albrengues","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2012.12.002","article-title":"Neutrophils as effector cells for antibody-based immunotherapy of cancer","volume":"23","author":"van Egmond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.05.082","article-title":"Neutrophils kill antibody-opsonized cancer cells by trogoptosis","volume":"23","author":"Matlung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02004-z","article-title":"Neutrophils in cancer immunotherapy: Friends or foes","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02726-8","article-title":"Repolarizing neutrophils via MnO(2) nanoparticle-activated STING pathway enhances Salmonella-mediated tumor immunotherapy","volume":"22","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16183160","article-title":"Tumor-associated neutrophils are a negative prognostic factor in early luminal breast cancers lacking immunosuppressive macrophage recruitment","volume":"16","author":"Schmidt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-00990-6","article-title":"Dendritic cell subsets in cancer immunity and tumor antigen sensing","volume":"20","author":"Del Prete","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1321051","article-title":"Dendritic cells: The yin and yang in disease progression","volume":"14","author":"Jimenez-Cortegana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.08.014","article-title":"Dendritic cells as shepherds of T cell immunity in cancer","volume":"56","author":"Pittet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12596","article-title":"Dysfunction of dendritic cells in tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Commun (Lond)"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164206","article-title":"Batf3 deficiency reveals a critical role for CD8\u03b1+ dendritic cells in cytotoxic T cell immunity","volume":"322","author":"Hildner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2016.06.003","article-title":"Critical role for CD103+\/CD141+ dendritic cells bearing CCR7 for tumor antigen trafficking and priming of T cell immunity in melanoma","volume":"30","author":"Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.04.011","article-title":"IRF4 transcription factor-dependent CD11b+ dendritic cells in human and mouse control mucosal IL-17 cytokine responses","volume":"38","author":"Schlitzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3865","article-title":"The multifaceted biology of plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"15","author":"Swiecki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1213629","article-title":"Impaired function of dendritic cells within the tumor microenvironment","volume":"14","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.3.1224","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor affects dendritic cell maturation through the inhibition of nuclear factor-\u03baB activation in hemopoietic progenitor cells","volume":"160","author":"Oyama","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18570-x","article-title":"PD-L1 on dendritic cells attenuates T cell activation and regulates response to immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"11","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.10.4772","article-title":"Induction of tolerance by IL-10-treated dendritic cells","volume":"159","author":"Steinbrink","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3771","article-title":"Dendritic cell metabolism","volume":"15","author":"Pearce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2172","article-title":"Lipid accumulation and dendritic cell dysfunction in cancer","volume":"16","author":"Herber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1674163","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress orchestrates tumor metabolism and immunity: New insights into immunometabolic therapeutics","volume":"16","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-05-1795","article-title":"Tumor-derived lactic acid modulates dendritic cell activation and antigen expression","volume":"108","author":"Gottfried","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14404","article-title":"Melanoma-intrinsic \u03b2-catenin signalling prevents anti-tumour immunity","volume":"517","author":"Spranger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.116","article-title":"Dendritic cell migration in health and disease","volume":"17","author":"Worbs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adi4191","article-title":"A lactate-SREBP2 signaling axis drives tolerogenic dendritic cell maturation and promotes cancer progression","volume":"9","author":"Plebanek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110750","article-title":"Innate immune cells in tumor microenvironment: A new frontier in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37349\/etat.2024.00219","article-title":"Emerging roles of type 1 innate lymphoid cells in tumour pathogenesis and cancer immunotherapy","volume":"4","author":"Verner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Explor Target Antitumor Ther"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1081153","article-title":"Differential regulation of lineage-determining transcription factor expression in innate lymphoid cell and adaptive T helper cell subsets","volume":"13","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac9593","article-title":"Tissue residency of innate lymphoid cells in lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs","volume":"348","author":"Gasteiger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.017","article-title":"Innate lymphoid cells: 10 years on","volume":"175","author":"Vivier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3365","article-title":"Innate lymphoid cells - a proposal for uniform nomenclature","volume":"13","author":"Spits","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20131560","article-title":"T-bet and Eomes instruct the development of two distinct natural killer cell lineages in the liver and in the bone marrow","volume":"141","author":"Daussy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.196.supp.74.9","article-title":"Cancer immunosurveillance by tissue-resident innate lymphoid cells and innate-like T cells","volume":"196","author":"Dadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3809","article-title":"SMAD4 impedes the conversion of NK cells into ILC1-like cells by curtailing non-canonical TGF-\u03b2 signaling","volume":"18","author":"Cortez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2015-4","article-title":"ILC2s amplify PD-1 blockade by activating tissue-specific cancer immunity","volume":"584","author":"Moral","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4262-4","article-title":"Activated innate lymphoid cell populations accumulate in human tumour tissues","volume":"18","author":"Salimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101270","article-title":"Identification of innate IL-5-producing cells and their role in lung eosinophil regulation and antitumor immunity","volume":"188","author":"Ikutani","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9280","article-title":"NCR+ILC3 concentrate in human lung cancer and associate with intratumoral lymphoid structures","volume":"6","author":"Carrega","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20122308","article-title":"Innate lymphoid cells sustain colon cancer through production of interleukin-22 in a mouse model","volume":"210","author":"Kirchberger","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2014.03.014","article-title":"Oncogenic Kras activates a hematopoietic-to-epithelial IL-17 signaling axis in preinvasive pancreatic neoplasia","volume":"14","author":"McAllister","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11465","article-title":"Adenoma-linked barrier defects and microbial products drive IL-23\/IL-17-mediated tumour growth","volume":"485","author":"Grivennikov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0282-9","article-title":"Plasticity of innate lymphoid cell subsets","volume":"20","author":"Bal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.06.019","article-title":"Interleukin-12 and-23 control plasticity of CD127+ group 1 and group 3 innate lymphoid cells in the intestinal lamina propria","volume":"43","author":"Bernink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00452-4","article-title":"\u03b3\u03b4 T cells in tissue physiology and surveillance","volume":"21","author":"Ribot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3384","article-title":"Six-of-the-best: unique contributions of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells to immunology","volume":"13","author":"Vantourout","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-017-1378-2","article-title":"Gamma-delta (\u03b3\u03b4) T cells: friend or foe in cancer development","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay5516","article-title":"Butyrophilin 2A1 is essential for phosphoantigen reactivity by \u03b3\u03b4 T cells","volume":"368","author":"Rigau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/2162402X.2014.992749","article-title":"Ex vivo expanded human circulating V\u03b41 \u03b3\u03b4T cells exhibit favorable therapeutic potential for colon cancer","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2713","article-title":"CD1d-lipid antigen recognition by the \u03b3\u03b4 TCR","volume":"14","author":"Uldrich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0804288","article-title":"Efficient killing of human colon cancer stem cells by \u03b3\u03b4 T lymphocytes","volume":"183","author":"Todaro","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23365","article-title":"V\u03b39V\u03b42 T cell cytotoxicity against tumor cells is enhanced by monoclonal antibody drugs -: Rituximab and trastuzumab","volume":"123","author":"Tokuyama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1110267","article-title":"Professional antigen-presentation function by human \u03b3\u03b4 T cells","volume":"307","author":"Brandes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.05.020","article-title":"Tumor-infiltrating \u03b3\u03b4 T cells suppress T and dendritic cell function via mechanisms controlled by a unique toll-like receptor signaling pathway","volume":"26","author":"Peng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200801-086OC","article-title":"IL-23 and Th17 cells enhance Th2-cell-mediated eosinophilic airway inflammation in mice","volume":"178","author":"Wakashin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14282","article-title":"IL-17-producing \u03b3\u03b4 T cells and neutrophils conspire to promote breast cancer metastasis","volume":"522","author":"Coffelt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.07.046","article-title":"\u03b3\u03b4 T cells support pancreatic oncogenesis by restraining \u03b1\u03b2 T cell activation","volume":"166","author":"Daley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.Can-07-0199","article-title":"Targeting human \u03b3\u03b4 T cells with zoledronate and interleukin-2 for immunotherapy of hormone-refractory prostate cancer","volume":"67","author":"Dieli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0038-z","article-title":"Translating gammadelta (\u03b3\u03b4) T cells and their receptors into cancer cell therapies","volume":"19","author":"Sebestyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2017.12.001","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered human gamma delta T cells: Enhanced cytotoxicity with retention of cross presentation","volume":"26","author":"Capsomidis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-022-00722-1","article-title":"The emerging roles of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"20","author":"Mensurado","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15164127","article-title":"Conventional DNA-damaging cancer therapies and emerging cGAS-STING activation: A review and perspectives regarding immunotherapeutic potential","volume":"15","author":"Lewicky","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02791-0","article-title":"NF-kappaB activator 1 downregulation in macrophages activates STAT3 to promote adenoma-adenocarcinoma transition and immunosuppression in colorectal cancer","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02023-w","article-title":"Regulatory mechanisms of PD-1\/PD-L1 in cancers","volume":"23","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1512916","article-title":"Unraveling the cGAS\/STING signaling mechanism: impact on glycerolipid metabolism and diseases","volume":"11","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0440","article-title":"Emerging mechanisms and implications of cGAS-STING signaling in cancer immunotherapy strategies","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Med"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.017","article-title":"STING-dependent cytosolic DNA sensing mediates innate immune recognition of immunogenic tumors","volume":"41","author":"Woo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.Cd-19-0761","article-title":"The cytosolic DNA-sensing cGAS-STING pathway in cancer","volume":"20","author":"Kwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.114033","article-title":"Epigenetically suppressed tumor cell intrinsic STING promotes tumor immune escape","volume":"157","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1476030","article-title":"NF-kappaB signaling pathway in tumor microenvironment","volume":"15","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15020197","article-title":"NF-kappaB: Governing macrophages in cancer","volume":"15","author":"Cornice","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-024-02989-x","article-title":"IL6-STAT3-C\/EBPbeta-IL6 positive feedback loop in tumor-associated macrophages promotes the EMT and metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"23","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1160719","article-title":"Advances in the role of STAT3 in macrophage polarization","volume":"14","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2506","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as regulators of the immune system","volume":"9","author":"Di Gabrilovich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07205","article-title":"Cancer-related inflammation","volume":"453","author":"Mantovani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14011","article-title":"Predictive correlates of response to the anti-PD-L1 antibody MPDL3280A in cancer patients","volume":"515","author":"Herbst","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0392-8","article-title":"Exosomal PD-L1 contributes to immunosuppression and is associated with anti-PD-1 response","volume":"560","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.02.016","article-title":"Suppression of exosomal PD-L1 induces systemic anti-tumor immunity and memory","volume":"177","author":"Poggio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22396","article-title":"PD-1 expression by tumour-associated macrophages inhibits phagocytosis and tumour immunity","volume":"545","author":"Gordon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci99317","article-title":"Contribution of NK cells to immunotherapy mediated by PD-1\/PD-L1 blockade","volume":"128","author":"Hsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.Cd-21-1059","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: New dimensions","volume":"12","author":"Hanahan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2020.05.034","article-title":"Targeting metabolism to improve the tumor microenvironment for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"78","author":"Bader","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.4177","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming of immune cells: Shaping the tumor microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.12.039","article-title":"Understanding the intersections between metabolism and cancer biology","volume":"168","author":"Vander Heiden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0216-7","article-title":"The PI3K-AKT network at the interface of oncogenic signalling and cancer metabolism","volume":"20","author":"Hoxhaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci67230","article-title":"HIF-1 mediates metabolic responses to intratumoral hypoxia and oncogenic mutations","volume":"123","author":"Semenza","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13490","article-title":"Functional polarization of tumour-associated macrophages by tumour-derived lactic acid","volume":"513","author":"Colegio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13221924","article-title":"Emerging role of extracellular pH in tumor microenvironment as a therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Rahman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1472772","article-title":"Advances in targeting tumor microenvironment for immunotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212223","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1186539","article-title":"Crosstalk between arginine, glutamine, and the branched chain amino acid metabolism in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"13","author":"Wetzel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-023-02845-4","article-title":"Amino acid metabolism reprogramming: Shedding new light on T cell anti-tumor immunity","volume":"22","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-024-02018-6","article-title":"Glutamine and cancer: Metabolism, immune microenvironment, and therapeutic targets","volume":"23","author":"Nan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0016-5","article-title":"Tryptophan metabolism as a common therapeutic target in cancer, neurodegeneration and beyond","volume":"18","author":"Platten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00093","article-title":"Arginine metabolism in myeloid cells shapes innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"8","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.11.010","article-title":"Greasing the wheels of the cancer machine: The role of lipid metabolism in cancer","volume":"31","author":"Snaebjornsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2020.101055","article-title":"Lipids in the tumor microenvironment: From cancer progression to treatment","volume":"80","author":"Corn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.12.004","article-title":"Tumorigenic and immunosuppressive effects of endoplasmic reticulum stress in cancer","volume":"168","author":"Cubillos-Ruiz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ppo.0000000000000003","article-title":"An inflammatory mediator, prostaglandin E2, in colorectal cancer","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer J"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2017.155","article-title":"Mitochondrial metabolism and cancer","volume":"28","author":"Porporato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2020.06.001","article-title":"Oxidative stress in cancer","volume":"38","author":"Hayes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-022-01305-4","article-title":"Emerging role of exosomes in cancer progression and tumor microenvironment remodeling","volume":"15","author":"Paskeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-018-0250-9","article-title":"Specificities of secretion and uptake of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles for cell-to-cell communication","volume":"21","author":"Mathieu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2016.10.009","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in cancer: Cell-to-cell mediators of metastasis","volume":"30","author":"Becker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1209414109","article-title":"MicroRNAs bind to Toll-like receptors to induce prometastatic inflammatory response","volume":"109","author":"Fabbri","year":"2012","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.Can-17-3841","article-title":"Hypoxic tumor-derived exosomal miR-301a mediates M2 macrophage polarization via PTEN\/PI3K\u03b3 to promote pancreatic cancer metastasis","volume":"78","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci98060","article-title":"Tumor-derived microRNAs induce myeloid suppressor cells and predict immunotherapy resistance in melanoma","volume":"128","author":"Huber","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2013.560","article-title":"Differentiation of tumour-promoting stromal myofibroblasts by cancer exosomes","volume":"34","author":"Webber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2012.295","article-title":"Leukemia cell to endothelial cell communication via exosomal miRNAs","volume":"32","author":"Umezu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1220998110","article-title":"Exosomes reflect the hypoxic status of glioma cells and mediate hypoxia-dependent activation of vascular cells during tumor development","volume":"110","author":"Kucharzewska","year":"2013","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15756","article-title":"Tumour exosome integrins determine organotropic metastasis","volume":"527","author":"Hoshino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2753","article-title":"Melanoma exosomes educate bone marrow progenitor cells toward a pro-metastatic phenotype through MET","volume":"18","author":"Peinado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.11.024","article-title":"Exosomes mediate stromal mobilization of autocrine Wnt-PCP signaling in breast cancer cell migration","volume":"151","author":"Luga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2016.353","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblast exosomes regulate survival and proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells","volume":"36","author":"Richards","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-024-00536-0","article-title":"CAR-T cell combination therapies in hematologic malignancies","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14010041","article-title":"CAR-T therapy beyond B-cell hematological malignancies","volume":"14","author":"Canichella","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2021.05.001","article-title":"Turning enemies into allies-reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages for cancer therapy","volume":"2","author":"Molgora","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0051-2","article-title":"'Off-the-shelf' allogeneic CAR T cells: Development and challenges","volume":"19","author":"Depil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910607","article-title":"Use of CAR-transduced natural killer cells in CD19-positive lymphoid tumors","volume":"382","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00368","article-title":"NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2017.226","article-title":"Cord blood NK cells engineered to express IL-15 and a CD19-targeted CAR show long-term persistence and potent antitumor activity","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2016.217","article-title":"Tumour-associated macrophages as treatment targets in oncology","volume":"14","author":"Mantovani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6074.tumimm18-pr07","article-title":"Human chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) macrophages for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"8","author":"Klichinsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.36688","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptors that trigger phagocytosis","volume":"7","author":"Morrissey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111605","article-title":"CAR-macrophage: A new immunotherapy candidate against solid tumors","volume":"141","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-00983-2","article-title":"Pluripotent stem cell-derived CAR-macrophage cells with antigen-dependent anti-cancer cell functions","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-022-02327-z","article-title":"CAR race to cancer immunotherapy: from CAR T, CAR NK to CAR macrophage therapy","volume":"21","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03495-z","article-title":"CAR-macrophage therapy for HER2-overexpressing advanced solid tumors: a phase 1 trial","volume":"31","author":"Reiss","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2934","article-title":"Engineering the perfect (bacterial) cancer therapy","volume":"10","author":"Forbes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa3519","article-title":"Programmable probiotics for detection of cancer in urine","author":"Danino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18930","article-title":"Synchronized cycles of bacterial lysis for in vivo delivery","volume":"531","author":"Din","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0498-z","article-title":"Programmable bacteria induce durable tumor regression and systemic antitumor immunity","volume-title":"Nat Med.","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2019"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0014-6","article-title":"Integrating oncolytic viruses in combination cancer immunotherapy","volume":"18","author":"Bommareddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4663","article-title":"Oncolytic viruses: a new class of immunotherapy drugs","volume":"14","author":"Kaufman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2014.58.3377","article-title":"Talimogene laherparepvec improves durable response rate in patients with advanced melanoma","volume":"33","author":"Andtbacka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-018-0009-4","article-title":"Oncolytic viruses as engineering platforms for combination immunotherapy","volume":"18","author":"Twumasi-Boateng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1593-5","article-title":"Harnessing innate immunity in cancer therapy","volume":"575","author":"Demaria","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-018-0007-y","article-title":"Approaches to treat immune hot, altered and cold tumours with combination immunotherapies","volume":"19","author":"Galon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.04.031","article-title":"Direct activation of STING in the tumor microenvironment leads to potent and systemic tumor regression and immunity","volume":"12","author":"Corrales","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3931","article-title":"CD47 blockade triggers T cell-mediated destruction of immunogenic tumors","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.107","article-title":"Immunogenic cell death in cancer and infectious disease","volume":"17","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(09)70082-8","article-title":"Systemic effects of local radiotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Formenti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2014.10.006","article-title":"Antiangiogenesis strategies revisited: from starving tumors to alleviating hypoxia","volume":"26","author":"Jain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2018.29","article-title":"Enhancing cancer immunotherapy using antiangiogenics: opportunities and challenges","volume":"15","author":"Fukurnura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.12.011","article-title":"Top 10 challenges in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"51","author":"Hegde","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI178540","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of tumor immunity","volume":"134","author":"Pang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2024.2326626","article-title":"Tumor associated macrophages as key contributors and targets in current and future therapies for melanoma","volume":"20","author":"Habib","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1449912","article-title":"Microbiota-metabolism-epigenetics-immunity axis in cancer","volume":"15","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.03.006","article-title":"Immune checkpoint therapy-current perspectives and future directions","volume":"186","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17142397","article-title":"Engineering innate immunity: recent advances and future directions for CAR-NK and CAR-macrophage therapies in solid tumors","volume":"17","author":"Amoozgar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6c01150","article-title":"Photothermally triggered bacterial-manganese immune amplifier enables spatiotemporal STING hyper-activation against cold tumors","author":"Meng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-025-02890-8","article-title":"Engineering bispecific exosome activators of T cells to target immune checkpoint inhibitor-resistant metastatic melanoma","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2025.12.013","article-title":"Multifunctional extracellular vesicles inhibiting autophagy ameliorate immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"B231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202500139","article-title":"Locoregional immune checkpoint blockade and remodeling of lymph nodes by engineered dendritic cell-derived exosomes for suppressing tumor progression and metastasis","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-011279","article-title":"Preclinical ex vivo and in vivo models to study immunotherapy agents and their combinations as predictive tools toward the clinic","volume":"13","author":"Eguren-Santamaria","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14030243","article-title":"Decoding the tumor-associated microbiota: from origins to nanomedicine applications in cancer therapy","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol (Basel)"},{"key":"B234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01884-z","article-title":"Pan-cancer profiling of tumor-infiltrating natural killer cells through transcriptional reference mapping","volume":"25","author":"Netskar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1691743","article-title":"From innate-like to innate: the next wave of off-the-shelf CAR immunotherapies","volume":"16","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1675807","article-title":"Beyond CAR-T Cells: exploring CAR-NK, CAR-M, and CAR-gammadelta T strategies in solid tumor immunotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Hou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00524-z","article-title":"The cGAS-STING pathway as a therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases","volume":"21","author":"Decout","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1923822\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T11:19:51Z","timestamp":1791199191000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1923822\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"references-count":237,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1923822"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1923822","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"article-number":"1923822"}}