{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:08:36Z","timestamp":1793315316094,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Available evidence suggests that disruption of immune homeostasis may contribute to chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP\/CPPS) beyond the effects of localized infection. This narrative review uses immune cells as its organizing axis and synthesizes recent evidence from single-cell sequencing, Mendelian randomization, and multi-omics. The available findings suggest that the M1\/M2 dichotomy may not fully capture macrophage heterogeneity in prostatic tissues and that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1\u03b2 release may form a candidate link between innate immunity and the Th17 response. On this basis, the review discusses how glycolytic and oxidative-stress-related reprogramming may shape immune-cell states; considers chemokine networks such as CCL5\/CCR5 and CXCL10\/CXCR3 in the recruitment of macrophages, Th1 cells, and Th17 cells to prostatic tissue; and examines how mast cells and neurogenic inflammation may participate in the bidirectional neuro-immune dialogue associated with persistent pain. At the intervention level, we distinguish human clinical observations and interventions from findings in cell systems and animal models, and discuss candidate strategies involving the NLRP3 inflammasome, chemokine receptors, microbiota-derived metabolites, neuromodulation, and local or multi-component approaches. These concepts require prospective validation in clinically defined CP\/CPPS subgroups before they can support mechanism-guided treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1926409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T11:19:52Z","timestamp":1790939992000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immune-cell imbalance and immunometabolic reprogramming in chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Urological and Andrological Diseases Research and Medical Transformation, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Urological and Andrological Diseases Research and Medical Transformation, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengfan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Urological and Andrological Diseases Research and Medical Transformation, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xixi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingchi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Urological and Andrological Diseases Research and Medical Transformation, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Urological and Andrological Diseases Research and Medical Transformation, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Urological and Andrological Diseases Research and Medical Transformation, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialin","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Urological and Andrological Diseases Research and Medical Transformation, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaozhao","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Urological and Andrological Diseases Research and Medical Transformation, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-5347(05)64686-1","article-title":"Demographic and clinical characteristics of men with chronic prostatitis: the national institutes of health chronic prostatitis cohort study","volume":"168","author":"Schaeffer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-021-00628-3","article-title":"Chronic prostatitis and pelvic pain syndrome: another autoimmune disease","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz)"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2006.07.016","article-title":"Seminal plasma cytokines and chemokines in prostate inflammation: interleukin 8 as a predictive biomarker in chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"51","author":"Penna","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001954","article-title":"Neuronal\/astrocytic expression of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 is associated with monocyte\/macrophage recruitment in male chronic pelvic pain","volume":"161","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.08.061","article-title":"Contemporary management of chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome","volume":"69","author":"Magistro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pcan.2016.8","article-title":"Chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a review of evaluation and therapy","volume":"19","author":"Polackwich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2024.214066","article-title":"Macrophage heterogeneity regulation by small extracellular vesicles from adipose-derived stem cells: a promising approach for treating chronic prostatitis\/pelvic pain syndrome","volume":"166","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomater Adv"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.24214","article-title":"Melatonin attenuates prostatic inflammation and pelvic pain via Sirt1-dependent inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome in an EAP mouse model","volume":"81","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.220241","article-title":"Extracorporeal shockwave therapy alleviates inflammatory pain by down-regulating NLRP3 inflammasome in experimental chronic prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Bae","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Mens Health"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-025-05608-w","article-title":"Irf7 aggravates prostatitis by promoting Hif-1\u03b1-mediated glycolysis to facilitate M1 polarization","volume":"82","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.13784","article-title":"CXCL10 promotes spinal macrophage recruitment via the JAK\/STAT3 pathway to induce pain in experimental autoimmune prostatitis","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2024.07.015","article-title":"CXCR4 influences PUFA desaturation and oxidative stress injury in experimental prostatitis mice by activating Fads2 via PPAR\u03b3","volume":"223","author":"Yi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.24652","article-title":"4-Octyl itaconate alleviates experimental autoimmune prostatitis by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome-induced pyroptosis through activating Nrf2\/HO-1 pathway","volume":"84","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-024-10044-5","article-title":"Assessing the causal relationship between immune cells and prostatitis: evidence from bidirectional mendelian randomization analysis","volume":"35","author":"Qu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mamm Genome"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112891","article-title":"MIF aggravates experimental autoimmune prostatitis through activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome via the PI3K\/AKT pathway","volume":"141","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/jir.s502616","article-title":"HMGB1 inhibition alleviates chronic nonbacterial prostatitis by suppressing M1 polarization of macrophages","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114332","article-title":"Prdx5 regulates macrophage polarization by modulating the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB pathway to promote apoptosis in chronic prostatitis","volume":"151","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-025-02247-y","article-title":"PARP1 exacerbates prostatitis by promoting M1 macrophages polarization through NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"48","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29719-1","article-title":"TNF is a potential therapeutic target to suppress prostatic inflammation and hyperplasia in autoimmune disease","volume":"13","author":"Vickman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7868\/s3034529425010104","article-title":"Physiological concentrations of calciprotein particles trigger activation and pro-inflammatory response in endothelial cells and monocytes","volume":"90","author":"Shishkova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem (Mosc)"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.156191","article-title":"Eriocalyxin B ameliorated experimental autoimmune prostatitis via modulation of macrophage polarization through gut microbiota-mediated vitamin D(3) alteration","volume":"135","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-74737-2","article-title":"Association between circulating inflammatory proteins and benign prostatic disease: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"14","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105536","article-title":"S100A12 correlates with inflammatory and pain symptoms in patients with chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Manthey","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-024-01943-w","article-title":"The CCL5\/CCR5\/SHP2 axis sustains Stat1 phosphorylation and activates NF-\u03baB signaling promoting M1 macrophage polarization and exacerbating chronic prostatic inflammation","volume":"22","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-024-01828-y","article-title":"CXCR4 regulates macrophage M1 polarization by altering glycolysis to promote prostate fibrosis","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683500","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1683500","article-title":"TENS alleviates CP\/CPPS-related inflammation and pain by modulating Kir2.1-dependent macrophage polarization","volume":"16","author":"Hong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/itt.s451199","article-title":"Characterizing CD8+ TEMRA cells in CP\/CPPS patients: insights from targeted single-cell transcriptomic and functional investigations","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunotargets Ther"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2025.13353","article-title":"The impact of inflammation on prostate tumor dynamics: a pathological perspective on prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"97","author":"Syahrir","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Ital Urol Androl"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.113908","article-title":"dsHMGB1, released from IL-17A-induced pyroptotic prostate epithelial cells, drives M1 polarization by promoting Pfkp-mediated glycolysis via Jak2\/Stat1 transcription in experimental autoimmune prostatitis","volume":"21","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203994","article-title":"E-cadherin deficiency promotes prostate macrophage inflammation and bladder overactivity in aged male mice","volume":"14","author":"Pascal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6833867","article-title":"Targeting ferroptosis attenuates inflammation, fibrosis, and mast cell activation in chronic prostatitis","volume":"2022","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-024-01554-5","article-title":"Dual deficiency of melatonin and dihydrotestosterone promotes stromal cell damage and mediates prostatitis via the cGAS-STING pathway in sleep-deprived mice","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.111682","article-title":"High glucose intake exacerbates experimental autoimmune prostatitis through mitochondrial reactive oxygen species-dependent TGF-\u03b2 activation-mediated Th17 differentiation","volume":"130","author":"Niu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2582944","article-title":"Antibiotic cocktail-induced changes in gut microbiota drive alteration of bile acid metabolism to restrain Th17 differentiation through the FXR-NLRP3 axis","volume":"17","author":"Shao-Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2024.10.001","article-title":"Combined developmental exposure to estrogenic endocrine disruptor and nutritional imbalance induces long term adult prostate inflammation through inflammasome activation","volume":"402","author":"Gharieb","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19852\/j.cnki.jtcm.20230608.001","article-title":"Electroacupuncture stimulating Zhongji (CV3), Guanyuan (CV4), and bilateral Dahe (KI12) attenuates inflammation in rats with chronic nonbacterial prostatitis induced by estradiol through inhibiting toll-like receptor 4 pathway","volume":"43","author":"Zhihao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18829","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-69512-2","article-title":"NLRP3-mediated IL-1\u03b2 in regulating the imbalance between Th17 and Treg in experimental autoimmune prostatitis","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2024.03.002","article-title":"Isoliquiritigenin reduces experimental autoimmune prostatitis by facilitating Nrf2 activation and suppressing the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway","volume":"169","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/jir.s408111","article-title":"Resolvin D1 attenuates inflammation and pelvic pain associated with EAP by inhibiting oxidative stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation via the Nrf2\/HO-1 pathway","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19852\/j.cnki.jtcm.20220928.003","article-title":"Effect of electroacupuncture on inflammatory signal expression in local tissues of rats with chronic pelvic pain syndrome based on purinergic 2X7 receptor\/NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 signal pathway","volume":"42","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000042438","article-title":"Insights from bidirectional Mendelian randomization: evaluating the influence of circulating inflammatory cytokines on prostatitis","volume":"104","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-01893-4","article-title":"Glucocorticoid nanoformulations relieve chronic pelvic pain syndrome and may alleviate depression in mice","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/jir.s527722","article-title":"Astragaloside IV attenuates chronic prostatitis by activating Keap1\/Nrf2\/HO-1 pathway: suppressing ferroptosis and enhancing antioxidant defense","volume":"18","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-022-01544-8","article-title":"Dihydroartemisinin ameliorates chronic nonbacterial prostatitis and epithelial cellular inflammation by blocking the E2F7\/HIF1\u03b1 pathway","volume":"71","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.70113","article-title":"Exosomes derived from calycosin-exposed prostate stromal cells inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced epithelial cells inflammatory injury","volume":"94","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512456","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1512456","article-title":"Alcohol intake exacerbates experimental autoimmune prostatitis through activating PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR pathway-mediated Th1 differentiation","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/jir.s508576","article-title":"IGF1R promotes Th17\/Treg cell development in experimental autoimmune prostatitis","volume":"18","author":"Guan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-024-09967-1","article-title":"AP-1 activates KCNN4-mediated Ca2(+) signaling to induce the Th1\/Th17 differentiation of CD4(+) cells in chronic non-bacterial prostatitis","volume":"41","author":"Teng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Biol Toxicol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2023.04.006","article-title":"Targeting benign prostate hyperplasia treatments: AR\/TGF-\u03b2\/NOX4 inhibition by apocynin suppresses inflammation and proliferation","volume":"57","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/tau-24-190","article-title":"Protective effect of astaxanthin on chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in rat through modulating NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1096677","article-title":"Uncovering the genetic links of diabetic erectile dysfunction and chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.915218","article-title":"Gut microflora modulates Th17\/Treg cell differentiation in experimental autoimmune prostatitis via the short-chain fatty acid propionate","volume":"13","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157210","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5201151","article-title":"Lycium barbarum polysaccharides alleviate experimental autoimmune prostatitis by putrescine\/TRAF\/JAK\/STAT-mediated Th17 differentiation","volume":"147","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-025-00607-1","article-title":"High-salt-driven gut microbiota dysfunction aggravates prostatitis by promoting AHR\/SGK1\/FOXO1 axis-mediated Th17 cell differentiation","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112669","article-title":"Alcohol intake exacerbates experimental autoimmune prostatitis through gut microbiota driving cholesterol biosynthesis-mediated Th17 differentiation","volume":"139","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.966004","article-title":"Abnormal prostate microbiota composition is associated with experimental autoimmune prostatitis complicated with depression in rats","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114959","article-title":"MIF regulates T helper 17 cell differentiation by activating the p38 MAPK signaling pathway to drive the pathogenesis of EAP","volume":"159","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.18445","article-title":"Unraveling CCL20's role by regulating Th17 cell chemotaxis in experimental autoimmune prostatitis","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.875412","article-title":"HA\/CD44 regulates the T helper 1 cells differentiation by activating Annexin A1\/Akt\/mTOR signaling to drive the pathogenesis of EAP","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1387142","article-title":"CD8 T cells are dispensable for experimental autoimmune prostatitis induction and chronic pelvic pain development","volume":"15","author":"Salazar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13571","article-title":"The CXCL10\/CXCR3 axis regulates Th1 cell differentiation and migration in experimental autoimmune prostatitis through the PI3K\/AKT pathway","volume":"12","author":"Yue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.24395","article-title":"CXCR3 antagonist AMG487 ameliorates experimental autoimmune prostatitis by diminishing Th1 cell differentiation and inhibiting macrophage M1 phenotypic activation","volume":"82","author":"Hua","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10346","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of nanoceria pretreatment in preventing the development of urological chronic pelvic pain syndrome: Immunomodulation via reactive oxygen species scavenging and SerpinB2 downregulation","volume":"8","author":"Lien","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioeng Transl Med"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4103\/aja202336","article-title":"Comparison of cytokine levels in prostatic secretion between the IIIa and IIIb subtypes of prostatitis","volume":"26","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02513-5","article-title":"Epithelial cells derived exosomal miR-203a-3p facilitates stromal inflammation of type IIIA chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome by targeting DUSP5 and increasing MCP-1 generation","volume":"22","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.14455","article-title":"IL-17 exacerbates experimental autoimmune prostatitis via CXCL1\/CXCL2-mediated neutrophil infiltration","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/jir.s352336","article-title":"Targeting CXCL12\/CXCR4 signaling with AMD3100 might selectively suppress CXCR4+ T-cell chemotaxis leading to the alleviation of chronic prostatitis","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcpro.2021.100176","article-title":"The urinary proteomic profile implicates key regulators for urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome (UCPPS): A MAPP Research Network study","volume":"21","author":"Froehlich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2023.05.047","article-title":"Efficacy of targeted mast cell inhibition therapy in chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome","volume":"180","author":"Pattabiraman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805136","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2021.805136","article-title":"mMCP7, a mouse ortholog of \u03b4 tryptase, mediates pelvic tactile allodynia in a model of chronic pelvic pain","volume":"2","author":"Pattabiraman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pain Res (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cont.2024.101435","article-title":"Water-avoidance stress aggravates prostatic inflammation in a murine model of chronic prostatitis","volume":"43","author":"Ni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/aja202142","article-title":"Prostate-derived IL-1\u03b2 upregulates expression of NMDA receptor in the paraventricular nucleus and shortens ejaculation latency in rats with experimental autoimmune prostatitis","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.13490","article-title":"Involvement of NOTCH1-mediated microglia activation in neuromodulation of chronic prostatitis-related pain","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114358","article-title":"Links between brain neuroimaging and blood inflammatory markers in urological chronic pelvic pain syndrome","volume":"271","author":"Martucci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1247806","article-title":"Tissue kallikrein protects rat prostate against the inflammatory damage in a chronic autoimmune prostatitis model via restoring endothelial function in a bradykinin receptor B2-dependent way","volume":"2022","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.4081\/AIUA.2022.2.199","article-title":"Molecular analysis of microorganisms in the semen and their impact on semen parameters","volume":"94","author":"Puerta Su\u00e1rez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Ital Urol Androl"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156732","article-title":"Juglone alleviates pelvic pain and prostatic inflammation via inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and alleviating oxidative stress in EAP mice","volume":"142","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15579883251322958","article-title":"The effects of Xialiqi capsules in regulating the pyroptosis of prostate epithelial cells via NLRP3\/Caspase-1 pathway for the treatment of chronic prostatitis","volume":"19","author":"Hong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Mens Health"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.8034","article-title":"Ursolic acid alleviates chronic prostatitis via regulating NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated Caspase-1\/GSDMD pyroptosis pathway","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/192548","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome in expressed prostatic secretions as a potential biomarker of chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113685","article-title":"The causative effect of CXCR7 on experimental autoimmune prostatitis injury and fibrosis","volume":"144","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.949316","article-title":"Ningmitai capsules have anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects in the chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome mouse model through systemic immunity","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.24794","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota involved in prostate microenvironment and symptoms improvement in chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome patients treated with low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave","volume":"84","author":"Kong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.38.3.4931","article-title":"The effectiveness of tamsulosin hydrochloride with terazosin combination therapy for chronic prostatitis Type-III b","volume":"38","author":"Duan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-025-05294-1","article-title":"Abnormal gut microbiota is associated with depressive-like behavior in the rat model of autoimmune prostatitis","volume":"197","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl Biochem Biotechnol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.22514\/j.androl.2024.006","article-title":"The microbiota of sexual intercourse and its effect on prostatitis","volume":"22","author":"Saldarriaga L\u00f3pez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev Int Androl"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxaf055","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid mitigates experimental autoimmune prostatitis by inhibiting Th17 cell differentiation via the PPAR\u03b3\/NF-\u03baB\/IL-17A pathway","volume":"219","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.24683","article-title":"Sodium butyrate alleviates experimental autoimmune prostatitis by inhibiting oxidative stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation via the Nrf2\/HO-1 pathway","volume":"84","author":"Hua","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155249","article-title":"Astaxanthin alleviates chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome by increasing colonization of Akkermansia muciniphila in the intestine","volume":"123","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.24883","article-title":"Zinc attenuates prostate hyperplasia and inflammatory injury in obese rats by regulating zinc homeostasis and inhibiting the JAK1\/STAT3 pathway","volume":"85","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.157458","article-title":"Total tanshinones extract alleviates chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome by modifying intestinal flora and suppressing the LPS-TLR4 axis","volume":"148","author":"Ning","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases12100260","article-title":"Inflammatory prostatitis plus IBS-D subtype and correlation with immunomodulating agent imbalance in seminal plasma: Novel combined treatment","volume":"12","author":"Castiglione","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diseases"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114195","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila-derived extracellular vesicles mitigate smoking-induced prostate inflammation and fibrosis","volume":"149","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.12878","article-title":"Rapeseed bee pollen alleviates chronic non-bacterial prostatitis via regulating gut microbiota","volume":"103","author":"Qiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-02282-7","article-title":"Thermosensitive hydrogel with emodin-loaded triple-targeted nanoparticles for a rectal drug delivery system in the treatment of chronic non-bacterial prostatitis","volume":"22","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.125975","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a prostate-targeting wild chrysanthemum rectal heating gel for prostatitis treatment","volume":"682","author":"Sheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2025.10.017","article-title":"Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound regulates Th17\/Treg balance with potential association with the IL-1\u03b2\/IL1R1\/MyD88 signaling pathway to alleviate pelvic pain in a rat prostatitis model","volume":"52","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.230230","article-title":"Non-invasive radiofrequency hyperthermia attenuates HMGB1\/TLR4\/NF-\u03baB inflammatory axis in a chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome rat model","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Mens Health"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4738952","article-title":"Network pharmacology and in vivo experiment-based strategy for investigating the mechanism of chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in QianLieJinDan tablets","volume":"10","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116922","article-title":"Extraction optimization and constituent analysis of total flavonoid from Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers flowers and its ameliorative effect on chronic prostatitis via inhibition of multiple inflammatory pathways in rats","volume":"318","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116354","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine danzhi qing'e decoction inhibits inflammation-associated prostatic hyperplasia via inactivation of ERK1\/2 signal pathway","volume":"309","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.19852\/j.cnki.jtcm.20220909.001","article-title":"Qinghua decoction improves chronic nonbacterial prostatitis possibly regulating the chromogranin A\/nerve growth factor\/tyrosine kinase A signaling pathway mediated by inflammatory factors","volume":"43","author":"Yunpeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115007","article-title":"Exploring the molecular mechanism of action of Polygonum capitatum Buch-Ham. ex D. Don for the treatment of bacterial prostatitis based on network pharmacology and experimental verification","volume":"291","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2020.1838538","article-title":"Phytochemical evaluation of Cucumis prophetarum: protective effects against carrageenan-induced prostatitis in rats","volume":"45","author":"Aljohani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116245","article-title":"Amelioration of chronic prostatitis by fractions of Mongolian medicine Hosta plantaginea flowers via inhibition of NF-\u03baB, MAPKs, JAK-STAT, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways in rats","volume":"307","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/jpr.s364972","article-title":"Expression profiling of L5-S2 spinal cord dorsal horn in a rat model of chronic pelvic pain syndrome uncovers potential mechanism of electroacupuncture mediated inflammation and pain responses","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/jir.s458132","article-title":"Sertraline alleviates chronic prostatitis by regulating the TRPV1 channel","volume":"17","author":"Lao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B108","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation combined with levofloxacin and tamsulosin for patients with chronic prostatitis: clinical efficacy and changes in serum factors","volume":"15","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.230352","article-title":"Cannabidiol alleviates chronic prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome via CB2 receptor activation and TRPV1 desensitization","volume":"43","author":"Piao","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Mens Health"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196279","article-title":"Protective effects of PollenAid Plus Soft Gel Capsules' hydroalcoholic extract in isolated prostates and ovaries exposed to lipopolysaccharide","volume":"27","author":"Chiavaroli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1926409\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T11:19:54Z","timestamp":1790939994000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1926409\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"references-count":110,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1926409"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1926409","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"article-number":"1926409"}}