{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T14:15:09Z","timestamp":1788531309484,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010570","name":"Nieders\u00e4chsisches Ministerium f\u00fcr Wissenschaft und Kultur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010570","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has emerged as a tunable physicochemical stimulus capable of modulating immune responses through the controlled delivery of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), charged particles, transient electric fields, and photons at near-ambient temperature. While the antimicrobial and cytotoxic applications of CAP are well established, evidence regarding its role as a regulator of innate immune signaling remains fragmented across the literature. Inconsistent dosimetry reporting is a noted issue, and a unified framework linking plasma-generated redox signals to specific immune cell outcomes is lacking. This narrative review focuses on the effects of CAP on innate immune mechanisms and the cellular signaling pathways that translate plasma-derived redox cues into biological responses. We first outline how device architecture, gas composition, treatment mode, and dose shape the qualitative and quantitative RONS profile that reaches biological targets. We then discuss key redox-sensitive signaling pathways, including NF-\u03baB, Nrf2-Keap1, MAPK, PI3K-AKT-mTOR, HIF-1\u03b1, mitochondrial pathways, and inflammasome activation. While NF-\u03baB, Nrf2-Keap1, and MAPK signaling are supported across multiple independent studies, evidence for HIF-1\u03b1 and specific inflammasome subtypes is limited and derived from a smaller number of experimental models. Particular emphasis is placed on macrophage polarization, where available evidence indicates that CAP may promote either proinflammatory, antimicrobial M1-like programs or anti-inflammatory, tissue-repairing M2-like phenotypes depending on exposure parameters and tissue context. We further summarize more limited and still-emerging evidence that CAP influences dendritic cell maturation, antigen-presenting capacity, neutrophil migration and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, and natural killer (NK) cell-mediated tumor-cell recognition. Collectively, current evidence indicates that CAP is not merely a cytotoxic or antimicrobial modality but a potential dose- and context-dependent regulator of innate immune function, though findings vary across plasma sources and experimental models. A deeper understanding of CAP dosimetry, RONS chemistry, and cell-type-specific redox thresholds will be essential for facilitating future clinical translation into applications in infection control, wound healing, inflammation, and oncology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1926559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T13:23:16Z","timestamp":1788528196000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Modulation of cellular signaling and innate immune mechanisms by cold atmospheric plasma"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Fawad","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen","place":["G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Sch\u00f6n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen","place":["G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2020.00074","article-title":"Cold plasma in medicine and healthcare: The new frontier in low temperature plasma applications","author":"Laroussi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Phys"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2016.03.003","article-title":"Reactive species in non-equilibrium atmospheric-pressure plasmas: Generation, transport, and biological effects","volume":"630","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys Rep"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22568","article-title":"Applications of cold atmospheric plasma in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases via redox homeostasis: Evidence and prospects","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jim.2900482","article-title":"Room temperature sterilization of surfaces and fabrics with a one atmosphere uniform glow discharge plasma","volume":"20","author":"Kelly-Wintenberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/38\/11\/012","article-title":"Deactivation of Escherichia coli by the plasma needle","volume":"38","author":"Sladek","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Phys Appl Phys"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2011.386","article-title":"Cold plasma selectivity and the possibility of a paradigm shift in cancer therapy","volume":"105","author":"Keidar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2018.03.005","article-title":"Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma-induced IL-8 expression is regulated via intracellular K+ loss and subsequent ERK activation in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells","volume":"644","author":"Hotta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.10200","article-title":"Atmospheric pressure plasma jet treatment evokes transient oxidative stress in HaCaT keratinocytes and influences cell physiology","volume":"38","author":"Wende","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Biol Int"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CBI20120139","article-title":"Surface molecules on HaCaT keratinocytes after interaction with non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma","volume":"36","author":"Haertel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Biol Int"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112208","article-title":"Non-overtly damaging cold atmospheric plasma induces adaptive epidermal molecular responses associated with integrin alpha 6","volume":"436","author":"Cheng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2013.04.015","article-title":"Impact of non-thermal plasma treatment on MAPK signaling pathways of human immune cell lines","volume":"218","author":"Bundscherer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094944","article-title":"Cold atmospheric pressure plasma-activated medium modulates cellular functions of human mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells in vitro","volume":"25","author":"Hahn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c11346","article-title":"Cold atmospheric plasma promotes anti-inflammatory and regenerative responses in oral soft tissue through redox-driven mitochondrial regulation","volume":"11","author":"Nguyen","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292267","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of cold atmospheric plasma irradiation on the THP-1 human acute monocytic leukemia cell line","volume":"18","author":"Hirasawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101301","article-title":"Intercellular singlet oxygen-mediated bystander signaling triggered by long-lived species of cold atmospheric plasma and plasma-activated medium","volume":"26","author":"Bauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.11570","article-title":"Plasma medicine: A field of applied redox biology","volume":"33","author":"Von Woedtke","year":"2019","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073790","article-title":"Argon plasma exposure augments costimulatory ligands and cytokine release in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells","volume":"22","author":"Bekeschus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.603555","article-title":"Non-thermal plasma activates human keratinocytes by stimulation of antioxidant and phase II pathways","volume":"290","author":"Schmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2024.122582","article-title":"Trehalose enhanced cold atmospheric plasma-mediated cancer treatment","volume":"309","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppap.201400068","article-title":"Reactive species from cold atmospheric plasma: Implications for cancer therapy","volume":"11","author":"Graves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plasma Process Polym"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11060902","article-title":"Cold atmospheric plasma promotes the immunoreactivity of granulocytes in vitro","volume":"11","author":"Kupke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052929","article-title":"Neutrophils at the crossroads: Unraveling the multifaceted role in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"25","author":"Awasthi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010255","article-title":"Cellular response of immune cells in the upper respiratory tract after treatment with cold atmospheric plasma in vitro","volume":"26","author":"Reichold","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2025.06.006","article-title":"Redox signaling in innate immunity and inflammation: Focus on macrophages and neutrophils","volume":"237","author":"Braunstein","year":"2025","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-022-00902-0","article-title":"Redox regulation of the immune response","volume":"19","author":"Morris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adtp.202300399","article-title":"Cold atmospheric plasma: An emerging immunomodulatory therapy","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plasma1020023","article-title":"Cold atmospheric pressure plasma treatment modulates human monocytes\/macrophages responsiveness","volume":"1","author":"Crestale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plasma"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114494","article-title":"Cold atmospheric plasma enhances immune clearance of Porphyromonas gingivalis via LC3-associated phagocytosis in mice with experimental periodontitis","volume":"153","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11101597","article-title":"Cold atmospheric plasma-treated PBS eliminates immunosuppressive pancreatic stellate cells and induces immunogenic cell death of pancreatic cancer cells","volume":"11","author":"Van Loenhout","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202205803","article-title":"Current state of cold atmospheric plasma and cancer-immunity cycle: Therapeutic relevance and overcoming clinical limitations using hydrogels","volume":"10","author":"\u017divani\u0107","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adtp.202400142","article-title":"Preparation of a plasma-induced dendritic cell vaccine and its anti-tumor immunity in a murine model of melanoma","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"053001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6595\/aa6426","article-title":"Dielectric barrier discharges: Progress on plasma sources and on the understanding of regimes and single filaments","volume":"26","author":"Brandenburg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plasma Sources Sci Technol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11114809","article-title":"Applications of cold atmospheric pressure plasma technology in medicine, agriculture and food industry","volume":"11","author":"Domonkos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"054002","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6595\/ac604f","article-title":"Foundations of plasmas for medical applications","volume":"31","author":"von Woedtke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plasma Sources Sci Technol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1109\/TRPMS.2024.3349571","article-title":"A review of dielectric barrier discharge cold atmospheric plasma for surface sterilization and decontamination","volume":"8","author":"Adesina","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Radiat Plasma Med Sci"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1743967","article-title":"Factors influencing the antimicrobial efficacy of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) in food processing applications","volume":"61","author":"Feizollahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1015980","article-title":"Food preservation by cold plasma from dielectric barrier discharges in agri-food industries","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133003","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/adb29e","article-title":"Recent advances in surface charge dynamics in dielectric barrier discharge: Future strategies for control and technological optimisation","volume":"58","author":"Komuro","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Phys Appl Phys"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100501","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0067478","article-title":"Cold atmospheric-pressure air plasma jet: Physics and opportunities","volume":"28","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys Plasmas"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1140\/epjd\/s10053-020-00004-4","article-title":"A review of the gas and liquid phase interactions in low-temperature plasma jets used for biomedical applications","volume":"75","author":"Morabit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Phys J D"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s41614-024-00177-0","article-title":"Atmospheric pressure plasma jet for surface treatment: A review","volume":"9","author":"Shang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev Mod Plasma Phys"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003119203-7","article-title":"Cold atmospheric pressure plasma jets and their applications","volume-title":"Plasma Appl Mater Modif","author":"Dinescu","year":"2021"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2022.03.001","article-title":"Cold atmospheric plasma delivery for biomedical applications","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater Today"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15163344","article-title":"Study of a conical plasma jet with a cloth-covered nozzle for polymer treatment","volume":"15","author":"Kodaira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pr12071501","article-title":"Development and characterization of a novel microwave plasma source for enhanced healing in wound treatment","volume":"12","author":"Bogdanov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46813\/2025-155-109","article-title":"Development of portable device based on cold atmospheric plasma for skin disinfection and treatment of chronic wounds","volume":"31","author":"Pavlichenko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Probl At Sci Technol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"083505","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0057438","article-title":"Non-thermal plasma multi-jet platform based on a flexible matrix","volume":"92","author":"Corbella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Sci Instrum"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202502333","article-title":"Wearable flexible cold atmospheric plasma devices: Key technologies and medical application prospects","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv Mater Technol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"070601","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0008093","article-title":"Perspectives on cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) applications in medicine","volume":"27","author":"von Woedtke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys Plasmas"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.07.031","article-title":"Advances in cold atmospheric plasma therapy for cancer","volume":"53","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12740","article-title":"Dielectric barrier discharge cold atmospheric plasma: Influence of processing parameters on microbial inactivation in meat and meat products","volume":"20","author":"Nasiru","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plasma7010014","article-title":"Cold atmospheric plasma medicine: Applications, challenges, and opportunities for predictive control","volume":"7","author":"Kazemi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plasma"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0963-0252\/25\/1\/015005","article-title":"On the plasma chemistry of a cold atmospheric argon plasma jet with shielding gas device","volume":"25","author":"Schmidt-Bleker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plasma Sources Sci Technol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppap.202200182","article-title":"The effect of different cold atmospheric plasma sources and treatment modalities on the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in water","volume":"20","author":"Armenise","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plasma Process Polym"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/42\/5\/053001","article-title":"Non-thermal plasmas in and in contact with liquids","volume":"42","author":"Bruggeman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Phys Appl Phys"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA12791F","article-title":"Formation of reactive nitrogen species including peroxynitrite in physiological buffer exposed to cold atmospheric plasma","volume":"6","author":"Girard","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"085209","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ad9c8d","article-title":"Characterisation and potential control of reactive species formation during cold atmospheric plasma medium activation","volume":"58","author":"Moreau","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Phys Appl Phys"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"085206","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ad9c8f","article-title":"Critical comparison of interfacial boundary conditions in modelling plasma\u2013liquid interaction","volume":"58","author":"Heirman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Phys Appl Phys"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-23-10901-2023","article-title":"Compilation of Henry\u2019s law constants (version 5.0.0) for water as solvent","volume":"23","author":"Sander","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"045015","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6595\/acc684","article-title":"Correlation of plasma generated long-lived reactive species in aqueous and gas phases with different feeding gases","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plasma Sources Sci Technol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c7cp07593f","article-title":"Transport and accumulation of plasma generated species in aqueous solution","volume":"20","author":"Verlackt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys Chem Chem Phys"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13040707","article-title":"Dose-dependent effects in plasma oncotherapy: Critical in vivo immune responses missed by in vitro studies","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46050294","article-title":"Comparing redox and intracellular signalling responses to cold plasma in wound healing and cancer","volume":"46","author":"Abdo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13071043","article-title":"Unraveling the transport properties of RONS across nitro-oxidized membranes","volume":"13","author":"Abduvokhidov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9062098","article-title":"ROS from physical plasmas: Redox chemistry for biomedical therapy","volume":"2019","author":"Privat-Maldonado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"B66","first-page":"1","article-title":"Aqueous reactive species induced by dielectric barrier discharge plasma in pure water: A quantitative study","author":"Shuai","year":"2025"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"075623","DOI":"10.1088\/1402-4896\/adebb9","article-title":"Influence of gas composition on reactive species generation in plasma-activated saline using two-stage plasma reactors system","volume":"100","author":"Azevedo Neto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys Scr"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app152413042","article-title":"Impact of molecular reactive gas injection on species emitted at the exit of a tubular atmospheric pressure plasma jet source","volume":"15","author":"Constantin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"095015","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6595\/ab3c36","article-title":"UV\u2013VIS optical spectroscopy investigation on the kinetics of long-lived RONS produced by a surface DBD plasma source","volume":"28","author":"Simoncelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plasma Sources Sci Technol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18020199","article-title":"Chemical analysis of plasma-activated culture media by ion chromatography","volume":"18","author":"Locatelli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136956","article-title":"EPR-spin trapping and flow cytometric studies of free radicals generated using cold atmospheric argon plasma and X-ray irradiation in aqueous solutions and intracellular milieu","volume":"10","author":"Uchiyama","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c04998","article-title":"Direct sensing of superoxide and its relatives reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in phosphate buffers during cold atmospheric plasmas exposures","volume":"94","author":"Girard-Sahun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1359600","article-title":"ROS signaling in innate immunity via oxidative protein modifications","author":"Manoharan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00478-8","article-title":"Redox regulation of immunometabolism","volume":"21","author":"Muri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202249948","article-title":"The thioredoxin system: Balancing redox responses in immune cells and tumors","volume":"53","author":"Muri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1179\/1351000213Y.0000000044","article-title":"Redox regulation of the immune response","volume":"18","author":"Gostner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Redox Rep"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110069","article-title":"ROS fine-tunes the function and fate of immune cells","volume":"119","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101759","article-title":"Innate-adaptive immunity interplay and redox regulation in immune response","volume":"37","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi011459o","article-title":"Glutathionylation of the p50 subunit of NF-\u03baB: a mechanism for redox-induced inhibition of DNA binding","volume":"40","author":"Pineda-Molina","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz873","article-title":"The regulation of sequence specific NF-\u03baB DNA binding and transcription by IKK\u03b2 phosphorylation of NF-\u03baB p50 at serine 80","volume":"47","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2012.11.016","article-title":"The Nrf2 cell defence pathway: Keap1-dependent and -independent mechanisms of regulation","volume":"85","author":"Bryan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1457010","article-title":"The Nrf2-HO-1 system and inflammaging","author":"O\u2019Rourke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114304","article-title":"The Keap1\/Nrf2\/ARE\/HO-1 axis in epilepsy: Crosstalk between oxidative stress and neuroinflammation","volume":"153","author":"Manavi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1775908","article-title":"Nrf2 as a redox checkpoint in autoimmune joint inflammation: Microenvironmental redox control across the arthritis spectrum","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.122007","article-title":"The crosstalk between Nrf2 and NF-\u03baB pathways in coronary artery disease: Can it be regulated by SIRT6","volume":"330","author":"Casper","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252010967","article-title":"Interplay of cellular Nrf2\/NF-\u03baB signalling after plasma stimulation of Malignant vs. non-malignant dermal cells","volume":"25","author":"Manzhula","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1558263","article-title":"Understanding chronic inflammation: Couplings between cytokines, ROS, NO, Cai2+, HIF-1\u03b1, Nrf2 and autophagy","author":"Michalak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/plasmamed.2014011972","article-title":"Cold physical plasma treatment alters redox balance in human immune cells","volume":"3","author":"Bekeschus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plasma Med"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2022.2139691","article-title":"Cold atmospheric plasma-induced oxidative stress and ensuing immunological response \u2013 a Neo-Vista in immunotherapy","volume":"56","author":"R S","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radic Res"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32909","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-12902-x","article-title":"Molecular dynamics insights into the redox effects on PD-1\/PD-L1 and PD-1\/PD-L2 interactions","volume":"15","author":"Mashalov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.004","article-title":"Redox-sensitive signaling in inflammatory T cells and in autoimmune disease","volume":"125","author":"Weyand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid Stress Altered Redox Signal Autoimmune Connect Tissue Dis"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.102445","article-title":"Cold atmospheric plasma: Possible cure of autoimmune disorders and cancer via attenuating inflammation","volume":"20","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2022.07.007","article-title":"Cold atmospheric plasma: Redox homeostasis to treat cancers","volume":"41","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-024-02088-9","article-title":"Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP): A revolutionary approach in dermatology and skincare","volume":"29","author":"Khalaf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10101735","article-title":"The role of reactive species on innate immunity","volume":"10","author":"Andr\u00e9s","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26051336","article-title":"Intracellular responses triggered by cold atmospheric plasma and plasma-activated media in cancer cells","volume":"26","author":"Motaln","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70245","article-title":"Cold atmospheric plasma in the treatment of autoimmune diseases: Mechanisms, applications, and prospects","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immun Inflammation Dis"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10123444","article-title":"Carbon monoxide regulates macrophage differentiation and polarization toward the M2 phenotype through upregulation of heme oxygenase 1","volume":"10","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11071394","article-title":"Macrophage polarization and reprogramming in acute inflammation: A redox perspective","volume":"11","author":"P\u00e9rez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.15.1.323","article-title":"Nitric oxide and macrophage function","author":"MacMicking","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1568010054022024","article-title":"Macrophages in inflammation","volume":"4","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Contin Inflammation Allergy - Drug Targets"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.02.005","article-title":"Characterization of phenotype markers and neuronotoxic potential of polarised primary microglia in vitro","volume":"32","author":"Chhor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0213075","article-title":"Accumulation of M1-like macrophages in type 2 diabetic islets is followed by a systemic shift in macrophage polarization","volume":"95","author":"Cucak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11060842","article-title":"Preventing the solid cancer progression via release of anticancer-cytokines in co-culture with cold plasma-stimulated macrophages","volume":"11","author":"Kaushik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01084","article-title":"Macrophage polarization: Different gene signatures in M1(LPS+) vs. classically and M2(LPS\u2013) vs. alternatively activated macrophages","author":"Orecchioni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.11.5347","article-title":"Alternative metabolic states in murine macrophages reflected by the nitric oxide synthase\/arginase balance: competitive regulation by CD4+ T cells correlates with Th1\/Th2 phenotype","volume":"160","author":"Munder","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol Baltim Md 1950"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1999.276.1.R237","article-title":"Regulation of arginase isoforms I and II by IL-4 in cultured murine peritoneal macrophages","volume":"276","author":"Louis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.176.1.287","article-title":"Interleukin 4 potently enhances murine macrophage mannose receptor activity: a marker of alternative immunologic macrophage activation","volume":"176","author":"Stein","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00514","article-title":"From monocytes to M1\/M2 macrophages: Phenotypical vs. functional differentiation","author":"Italiani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpme.2018.06.001","article-title":"Plasma-treated medium tunes the inflammatory profile in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages","volume":"11","author":"Bekeschus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Plasma Med"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/chem-2015-0071","article-title":"Non-thermal plasma treatment induces MAPK signaling in human monocytes","volume":"13","author":"Bundscherer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Chem"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2201.12737","article-title":"Enhancing innate and adaptive immune systems by cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) and its antitumor immunity","author":"Cheng","year":"2022"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpme.2018.07.001","article-title":"A myeloid and lymphoid infiltrate in murine pancreatic tumors exposed to plasma-treated medium","volume":"11","author":"Liedtke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Plasma Med"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2013.75","article-title":"ROS play a critical role in the differentiation of alternatively activated macrophages and the occurrence of tumor-associated macrophages","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.941219","article-title":"Cold plasma irradiation attenuates atopic dermatitis via enhancing HIF-1\u03b1-induced MANF transcription expression","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2023.05.002","article-title":"Cold atmospheric plasma alleviates radiation-induced skin injury by suppressing inflammation and promoting repair","volume":"204","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c21635","article-title":"Controlled release of cold atmospheric plasma by gelatin scaffold enhances wound healing via macrophage modulation","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c25563","article-title":"Sequential macrophage polarization mediated by a biphasic cold plasma pen for oral ulcer therapy","volume":"18","author":"Gong","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1527736","article-title":"Advancing chronic and acute wound healing with cold atmospheric plasma: cellular and molecular mechanisms, benefits, risks, and future directions","author":"Raissi-Dehkordi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.09.040191.001415","article-title":"The dendritic cell system and its role in immunogenicity","volume-title":"Annual Review of Immunology","author":"Steinman","year":"1991"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2015.68","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming in macrophages and dendritic cells in innate immunity","volume":"25","author":"Kelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13071626","article-title":"Plasma-activated medium potentiates the immunogenicity of tumor cell lysates for dendritic cell-based cancer vaccines","volume":"13","author":"Tomi\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15564","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15725-7","article-title":"Non-thermal atmospheric plasma ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice through inhibition of immune responses and up-regulation of PD-L1 expression","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10314","article-title":"The effect of local non-thermal plasma therapy on the cancer-immunity cycle in a melanoma mouse model","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioeng Transl Med"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3A0415-165RR","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular trap formation is elicited in response to cold physical plasma","volume":"100","author":"Bekeschus","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.29754","article-title":"Nrf2 signaling and inflammation are key events in physical plasma-spurred wound healing","volume":"9","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1582","article-title":"Functions of natural killer cells","volume":"9","author":"Vivier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00601","article-title":"Natural killer cell immunomodulation: Targeting activating, inhibitory, and co-stimulatory receptor signaling for cancer immunotherapy","author":"Chester","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11090-015-9676-z","article-title":"Why target immune cells for plasma treatment of cancer","volume":"36","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plasma Chem Plasma Process"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12123575","article-title":"Physical plasma-treated skin cancer cells amplify tumor cytotoxicity of human natural killer (NK) cells","volume":"12","author":"Clemen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"085019","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0060530","article-title":"Cold atmospheric plasma: A non-negligible strategy for viral RNA inactivation to prevent SARS-CoV-2 environmental transmission","volume":"11","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIP Adv"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04360-y","article-title":"Vulnerability of SARS-CoV-2 and PR8 H1N1 virus to cold atmospheric plasma activated media","volume":"12","author":"Cort\u00e1zar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054673","article-title":"Manipulation of oxidative stress responses by non-thermal plasma to treat herpes simplex virus type 1 infection and disease","volume":"24","author":"Sutter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25073839","article-title":"Non-thermal plasma reduces HSV-1 infection of and replication in HaCaT keratinocytes in vitro","volume":"25","author":"Sutter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107838","article-title":"Nonthermal plasma jet mitigates viral replication and inflammation in human coronavirus 229E-infected lung cells by targeting the NF-\u03baB and MAPK pathways","volume":"206","author":"Akter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247125","article-title":"Non-thermal plasma modulates cellular markers associated with immunogenicity in a model of latent HIV-1 infection","volume":"16","author":"Mohamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11010122","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of non-thermal plasma in a model for latent HIV-1 infection: Implications for an HIV-1-specific immunotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Mohamed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202352","article-title":"Effect of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) on human adenoviruses is adenovirus type-dependent","volume":"13","author":"Bunz","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1917891117","article-title":"Transdermal cold atmospheric plasma-mediated immune checkpoint blockade therapy","volume":"117","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2023.122189","article-title":"Injectable cold atmospheric plasma-activated immunotherapeutic hydrogel for enhanced cancer treatment","volume":"300","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B141","first-page":"1","article-title":"Plasma immunotherapy for biomedical applications","author":"Fu","year":"2024"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"011306","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0022534","article-title":"A map of control for cold atmospheric plasma jets: From physical mechanisms to optimizations","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Phys Rev"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpme.2017.07.001","article-title":"Redox regulation of leukocyte-derived microparticle release and protein content in response to cold physical plasma-derived oxidants","author":"Bekeschus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Plasma Med"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2017.1423069","article-title":"Cold atmospheric plasma-modulated phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced differentiation of U937 cells to macrophage-like cells","volume":"52","author":"Maikho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radic Res"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116657","article-title":"In vitro study of cold atmospheric plasma-activated liquids inhibits Malignant melanoma by affecting macrophage polarization through the ROS\/JAK2\/STAT1 pathway","volume":"175","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13231970","article-title":"The potential of a novel cold atmospheric plasma jet as a feasible therapeutic strategy for gingivitis\u2014a cell-based study","volume":"13","author":"Negrescu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12LT01","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/aa5dbb","article-title":"Anti-tumor immune response induced by nanosecond pulsed streamer discharge in mice","volume":"50","author":"Mizuno","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Phys Appl Phys"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202003395","article-title":"Gas plasma technology augments ovalbumin immunogenicity and OT-II T cell activation conferring tumor protection in mice","volume":"8","author":"Clemen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2023.122162","article-title":"External cold atmospheric plasma-responsive on-site hydrogel for remodeling tumor immune microenvironment","volume":"299","author":"Byun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2024.115004","article-title":"Cold atmospheric plasma-activated saline alleviates secondary injury post-SCI by inhibiting extracellular matrix remodeling and infiltration of proinflammatory macrophages","volume":"383","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1926559\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T13:23:21Z","timestamp":1788528201000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1926559\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"references-count":150,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1926559"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1926559","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"article-number":"1926559"}}