{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T11:56:10Z","timestamp":1790942170891,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The human microbiota is a major regulator of immune development, mucosal barrier integrity, and systemic immune tone. Its effects are mediated by microbe-associated molecular patterns, pattern-recognition receptors, microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan-derived indoles, secondary bile acids and vitamin-pathway metabolites, and direct interactions with epithelial and immune cells. A balanced microbiota supports regulatory T-cell responses, secretory IgA production, innate-like lymphocyte maturation and epithelial barrier function, whereas dysbiosis may promote barrier dysfunction, inflammatory polarization and abnormal responses to dietary, environmental or self-antigens. This narrative review integrates mechanistic and translational evidence across early-life immune maturation, innate and adaptive immune sensing, microbial metabolites, cross-kingdom interactions, gut-organ axes, immune-mediated diseases and microbiota-targeted interventions. Particular emphasis is placed on distinguishing mechanistic evidence from association. Although microbiome-directed therapies are promising, routine clinical translation requires standardized sampling and multi-omics workflows, controlled interventional studies, mechanistic validation, reproducible biomarkers and indication-specific evidence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1927480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T11:18:36Z","timestamp":1790939916000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microbiological mechanisms of immune response modulation: clinical implications"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Aleksander","family":"Deptu\u0142a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Propaedeutics of Medicine and Infection Prevention, Collegium Medicum","place":["Bydgoszcz, 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