{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:50:20Z","timestamp":1791287420791,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The eye is increasingly recognized as a tissue shaped by systemic immune and metabolic states rather than an isolated immune-privileged organ. Translocator protein (TSPO), an 18-kDa outer mitochondrial membrane protein enriched in myeloid and glial cells, links mitochondrial homeostasis, redox signaling, lipid metabolism, and immune polarization. This review synthesizes evidence for TSPO involvement in systemic-ocular immunometabolic crosstalk and organizes it into a three-stage working model: peripheral immunometabolic priming, blood-retinal barrier vulnerability, and intraocular glial amplification. We review evidence from systemic autoimmune diseases with ocular manifestations, metabolic diseases with ocular complications, and primary ocular diseases with systemic contributions. We then assess the potential of TSPO as an imaging or fluid biomarker and as a therapeutic target. Current evidence suggests that TSPO is a promising immunometabolic node and underscores the need for cross-organ disease models, cell-specific TSPO manipulation, spatial multi-omics, and local ocular delivery strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1929816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:50:45Z","timestamp":1791283845000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["TSPO in systemic-ocular immunometabolic crosstalk: mechanisms and therapeutic implications"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zuyi","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dianzhe","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinshi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erqian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youxin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci42440","article-title":"A look at autoimmunity and inflammation in the eye","volume":"120","author":"Caspi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.08.001","article-title":"The progress in understanding and treatment of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"51","author":"Stitt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog Retinal Eye Res"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.11.003","article-title":"The pivotal role of the complement system in aging and age-related macular degeneration: Hypothesis re-visited","volume":"29","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Retinal Eye Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi400431t","article-title":"Characterization and modeling of the oligomeric state and ligand binding behavior of purified translocator protein 18 kDa from Rhodobacter sphaeroides","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1248725","article-title":"Structure of the mitochondrial translocator protein in complex with a diagnostic ligand","volume":"343","author":"Jaremko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.578286","article-title":"Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor\/translocator protein global knock-out mice are viable with no effects on steroid hormone biosynthesis","volume":"289","author":"Tu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-11-3","article-title":"Translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) is expressed in reactive retinal microglia and modulates microglial inflammation and phagocytosis","volume":"11","author":"Karlstetter","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3153-13.2014","article-title":"Macroglia-microglia interactions via TSPO signaling regulates microglial activation in the mouse retina","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2022.12869","article-title":"Increased expression of TSPO-VDAC complex is correlated with NLRP3 inflammasome activation in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"26","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-019-01454-1","article-title":"TSPO modulates IL-4-induced microglia\/macrophage M2 polarization via PPAR-\u03b3 pathway","volume":"70","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3A1219-729RR","article-title":"Surface translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) localization on immune cells upon stimulation with LPS and in ART-treated HIV+ subjects","volume":"110","author":"Blevins","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Leukocyte Biol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddx319","article-title":"Retinal pigment epithelium cholesterol efflux mediated by the 18\u2009kDa translocator protein, TSPO, a potential target for treating age-related macular degeneration","volume":"26","author":"Biswas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-012-9397-5","article-title":"Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) expression in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"8","author":"Harberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260590","article-title":"Crystal structures of translocator protein (TSPO) and mutant mimic of a human polymorphism","volume":"347","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20170645","article-title":"Steroidogenic abnormalities in translocator protein knockout mice and significance in the aging male","volume":"475","author":"Barron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2024.03.001","article-title":"History of Tspo deletion and induction in vivo: Phenotypic outcomes under physiological and pathological situations","volume":"224","author":"Br\u00e9hat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)36131-8","article-title":"The peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor. Localization to the mitochondrial outer membrane","volume":"261","author":"Anholt","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107816","article-title":"Systemic knockout of Tspo in mice does not affect retinal morphology, function and susceptibility to degeneration","volume":"188","author":"Klee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123740","article-title":"TSPO ligands promote cholesterol efflux and suppress oxidative stress and inflammation in choroidal endothelial cells","volume":"19","author":"Biswas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10050382","article-title":"Deletion of mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) gene decreases oxidative retinal pigment epithelial cell death via modulation of TRPM2 channel","volume":"10","author":"\u00d6zkaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol (Basel)"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0422-5","article-title":"Targeting translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) dampens pro-inflammatory microglia reactivity in the retina and protects from degeneration","volume":"12","author":"Scholz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1424-5","article-title":"The agonistic TSPO ligand XBD173 attenuates the glial response thereby protecting inner retinal neurons in a murine model of retinal ischemia","volume":"16","author":"Mages","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.12.051","article-title":"TOM40 mediates the effect of TSPO on postpartum depression partially through regulating calcium homeostasis in microglia","volume":"348","author":"Zhai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05643-0","article-title":"ERK1\/2-dependent TSPO overactivation associates with the loss of mitophagy and mitochondrial respiration in ALS","volume":"14","author":"Magr\u00ec","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2023.114542","article-title":"TSPO exacerbates acute cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury by inducing autophagy dysfunction","volume":"369","author":"Mahemuti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133359","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas9 mediated TSPO gene knockout alters respiration and cellular metabolism in human primary microglia cells","volume":"20","author":"Milenkovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16400-8","article-title":"The TSPO-NOX1 axis controls phagocyte-triggered pathological angiogenesis in the eye","volume":"11","author":"Wolf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09663","article-title":"A role for mitochondria in NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"469","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2022.06.009","article-title":"TSPO knockdown attenuates OGD\/R-induced neuroinflammation and neural apoptosis by decreasing NLRP3 inflammasome activity through PPAR\u03b3 pathway","volume":"187","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032636","article-title":"Cholesterol efflux pathways suppress inflammasome activation, NETosis, and atherogenesis","volume":"138","author":"Westerterp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.05.027","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae hijacks a host autoregulatory IL-1\u03b2 loop to drive foam cell formation and accelerate atherosclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Tumurkhuu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185767","article-title":"The macrophage marker translocator protein (TSPO) is down-regulated on pro-inflammatory \u2018M1\u2019 human macrophages","volume":"12","author":"Narayan","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00986","article-title":"Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) deficiency inhibits microglial activation and impairs mitochondrial function","volume":"11","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061387","article-title":"Deletion of TSPO resulted in change of metabolomic profile in retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"20","author":"Alamri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.05.114","article-title":"Translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) ligands activate Nrf2 signaling and attenuate inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in human retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"528","author":"Rashid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117733","article-title":"Ginkgolide B alleviates diabetic retinopathy by inhibiting ferroptosis in retinal vascular endothelial cells via the TSPO\/Nrf2 pathway","volume":"246","author":"Lu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.2c00582","article-title":"Targeting TSPO reduces inflammation and apoptosis in an in vitro photoreceptor-like model of retinal degeneration","volume":"13","author":"Corsi","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14221778","article-title":"TSPO modulation prevents photoreceptor degeneration and produces neuroprotective effects in an animal model of retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"14","author":"Corsi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2023.2177765","article-title":"Radiation-induced neuroinflammation monitoring by the level of peripheral blood monocytes with high expression of translocator protein","volume":"99","author":"Rodina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000040396","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of plasma translocator protein 18\u2005kDa (TSPO) in sepsis: A case\u2013control study","volume":"103","author":"Hattori","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.3.16","article-title":"Serum Iba-1, GLUT5, and TSPO in patients with diabetic retinopathy: New biomarkers for early retinal neurovascular alterations? A pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Trotta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2024.109986","article-title":"PET imaging for the early evaluation of ocular inflammation in diabetic rats by using [18F]-DPA-714","volume":"245","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-00441-1","article-title":"Ferroptosis: molecular mechanisms and health implications","volume":"31","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113066","article-title":"Deletion of TSPO causes dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism in mouse retina","volume":"10","author":"Farhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202101294RRR","article-title":"Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor alleviates neovascular retinopathy with regulated neurotrophic\/proinflammatory cytokines through the modulation of DBI-TSPO signaling","volume":"36","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.544431","article-title":"TSPO ligands PK11195 and midazolam reduce NLRP3 inflammasome activation and proinflammatory cytokine release in BV-2 cells","volume":"14","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17071028","article-title":"TSPO PIGA ligands promote neurosteroidogenesis and human astrocyte well-being","volume":"17","author":"Da Pozzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-024-05544-1","article-title":"18 kDa TSPO targeting drives polarized human microglia towards a protective and restorative neurosteroidome profile","volume":"82","author":"Germelli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2147\/EB.S54131","article-title":"Optic neuritis as an early sign of multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Kale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eye Brain"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(17)30278-8","article-title":"Retinal layer segmentation in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Petzold","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200133","article-title":"TSPO-detectable chronic active lesions predict disease progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Polvinen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000443","article-title":"Microglial activation, white matter tract damage, and disability in MS","volume":"5","author":"Rissanen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz287","article-title":"A quantitative neuropathological assessment of translocator protein expression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"142","author":"Nutma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00327-5","article-title":"Large-vessel vasculitis","volume":"7","author":"Pugh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9394(00)00659-0","article-title":"Guidelines for the use of immunosuppressive drugs in patients with ocular inflammatory disorders: recommendations of an expert panel","volume":"130","author":"Jabs","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-019-04662-4","article-title":"Initial experience with [18F]DPA-714 TSPO-PET to image inflammation in primary angiitis of the central nervous system","volume":"47","author":"Backhaus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-00451-4","article-title":"Current understanding of the molecular and cellular pathology of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"17","author":"Antonetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4692-1","article-title":"Neurodegeneration in diabetic retinopathy: does it really matter","volume":"61","author":"Sim\u00f3","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-020-01495-2","article-title":"Visualization of translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) in the retina of diabetic retinopathy rats using fluorine-18-DPA-714","volume":"34","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Nucl Med"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00265-2","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration","volume":"7","author":"Fleckenstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3448","article-title":"A large genome-wide association study of age-related macular degeneration highlights contributions of rare and common variants","volume":"48","author":"Fritsche","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-111815-114417","article-title":"Understanding glaucomatous optic neuropathy: the synergy between clinical observation and investigation","volume":"2","author":"Quigley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Vision Sci"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3192","article-title":"The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma","volume":"311","author":"Weinreb","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.09.001","article-title":"TSPO activation modulates the effects of high pressure in a rat ex vivo glaucoma model","volume":"111","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2023.101169","article-title":"Activation of retinal glial cells contributes to the degeneration of ganglion cells in experimental glaucoma","volume":"93","author":"Miao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog Retinal Eye Res"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fopht.2023.1132011","article-title":"Glaucoma and microglia-induced neuroinflammation","volume":"3","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102713","article-title":"Translocator protein 18 kDa regulates retinal neuron apoptosis and pyroptosis in glaucoma","volume":"63","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.147","article-title":"An 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) polymorphism explains differences in binding affinity of the PET radioligand PBR28","volume":"32","author":"Owen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.230397","article-title":"Microglial activation imaging using 18 F-DPA-714 PET\/MRI for detecting autoimmune encephalitis","volume":"310","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B70","article-title":"PET imaging of retinal inflammation in mice exposed to blue light using [18F]-DPA-714","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2024.13157","article-title":"Functional role of translocator protein and its ligands in ocular diseases (review)","volume":"29","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1175055","article-title":"Translocator protein (18 kD) as target for anxiolytics without benzodiazepine-like side effects","volume":"325","author":"Rupprecht","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0028-3908(99)00253-1","article-title":"Modulation of GABAergic synaptic transmission by the non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic etifoxine","volume":"39","author":"Schlichter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625","article-title":"Effect of a TSPO ligand on retinal pigment epithelial cholesterol homeostasis in high-fat fed mice, implication for age-related macular degeneration","volume":"208","author":"Biswas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1929816\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:50:46Z","timestamp":1791283846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1929816\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1929816"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1929816","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"article-number":"1929816"}}