{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T06:31:41Z","timestamp":1786516301309,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with chemotherapy improve pathological complete response in early-stage triple-negative breast cancer, but the consistency of benefit, role of PD-L1 expression, and immune-related toxicity remain clinically relevant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception to June 30, 2026, for randomized trials comparing neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors plus chemotherapy with chemotherapy alone or placebo plus chemotherapy in early-stage triple-negative breast cancer. The primary efficacy analysis was restricted to phase III trials. Risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals were pooled using a random-effects model. Risk of bias and certainty of evidence were assessed using RoB 2 and GRADE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four phase III trials including 3,377 patients were included in the primary efficacy synthesis. Neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors plus chemotherapy significantly increased pathological complete response compared with control treatment (risk ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.19\u20131.36; P &amp;lt; 0.001), with no statistical heterogeneity. Benefit was observed in both PD-L1-positive tumors (risk ratio, 1.32; 95% confidence interval, 1.18\u20131.48) and PD-L1-negative tumors (risk ratio, 1.45; 95% confidence interval, 1.22\u20131.72). Grade \u2265 3 treatment-related adverse events were not significantly increased (risk ratio, 1.06; 95% confidence interval, 0.98\u20131.13), whereas immune-related adverse events were more frequent with immune checkpoint inhibitors (risk ratio, 3.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.88\u20136.57).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors plus chemotherapy improve pathological complete response in early-stage triple-negative breast cancer, including across PD-L1-defined subgroups, but increase immune-related toxicity. PD-L1 expression alone appears insufficient for treatment selection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/recorddashboard#<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier CRD420261412366.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1933897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T05:59:30Z","timestamp":1786514370000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy, safety, and PD-L1\u2013defined outcomes of neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors in early-stage triple-negative breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Chang","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City","place":["Jilin, China"]},{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sg Long, Kajang","place":["Selangor, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoon Koon","family":"Teoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sg Long, Kajang","place":["Selangor, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delai","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical, Jilin Medical University","place":["Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingnan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City","place":["Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shubao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical, Jilin Medical University","place":["Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Intensive Medicine, No. 965 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Jilin City","place":["Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City","place":["Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hooi Tin","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sg Long, Kajang","place":["Selangor, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041524","article-title":"Current treatment landscape for early triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2022.04.034","article-title":"Immunogenomic landscape analyses of immune molecule signature-based risk panel for patients with triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Ther Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/s41523-022-00468-0","article-title":"Triple negative breast cancer: Pitfalls and progress","volume":"8","author":"Zagami","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Breast Cancer"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol32070387","article-title":"Predictive factors of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) and immune checkpoint inhibitors in early-stage triple-negative breast cancer patients (TNBC)","volume":"32","author":"Ardakani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aav0936","article-title":"Resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer mediated by a reversible drug-tolerant state","volume":"11","author":"Echeverria","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/his.14771","article-title":"Pathology of neoadjuvant therapy and immunotherapy testing for breast cancer","volume":"82","author":"Provenzano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13020190","article-title":"Prognostic factors for triple-negative breast cancer with residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41523-023-00512-7","article-title":"ctDNA and residual cancer burden are prognostic in triple-negative breast cancer patients with residual disease","volume":"9","author":"Stecklein","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Breast Cancer"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1016295","article-title":"Predictive factors for relapse in triple-negative breast cancer patients without pathological complete response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Toss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01850-7","article-title":"Advances in immunotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2022.07.1940","article-title":"Neoadjuvant durvalumab improves survival in early triple-negative breast cancer independent of pathological complete response","volume":"33","author":"Loibl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2112651","article-title":"Event-free survival with pembrolizumab in early triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"386","author":"Schmid","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S341","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-022-11828-2","article-title":"Preliminary results of a phase ib\/2 window of opportunity clinical trial (NCT04454528) assessing the effects of preoperative (preop) pembrolizumab +\/- radiation in early-stage breast cancer (eBC)","volume":"29","author":"Tchou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103713","article-title":"Window of opportunity trials with immune checkpoint inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"9","author":"Quintana","year":"2024","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2409932","article-title":"Overall survival with pembrolizumab in early-stage triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"391","author":"Schmid","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265\u201373","DOI":"10.1200\/OP.24.00371","article-title":"Real-world immune-related adverse events in patients with early triple-negative breast cancer who received pembrolizumab","volume":"21","author":"Jayan","year":"2025","journal-title":"JCO Oncol Pract"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/11772719221078774","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors in triple negative breast cancer: The search for the optimal biomarker","volume":"17","author":"Qureshi","year":"2022","journal-title":"biomark Insights"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1060308","article-title":"PD-L1 expression as biomarker of efficacy of PD-1\/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic triple negative breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-025-03769-z","article-title":"Progress of PD-1\/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02254-3","article-title":"Efficacy, safety and exploratory analysis of neoadjuvant tislelizumab (a PD-1 inhibitor) plus nab-paclitaxel followed by epirubicin\/cyclophosphamide for triple-negative breast cancer: a phase 2 TREND trial","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sig Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-024-00714-6","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"biomark Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.01.002","article-title":"Meta-analysis of tumor- and T cell-intrinsic mechanisms of sensitization to checkpoint inhibition","volume":"184","author":"Litchfield","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2202809","article-title":"Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in advanced triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"387","author":"Cortes","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104265","article-title":"Multi-scale characterization of tumor-draining lymph nodes in resectable lung cancer treated with neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"84","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cnr2.70397","article-title":"ICIs exceptional long response in TNBC: Addressing the issue of optimal ICIs duration. Two cases and review of the literature","volume":"8","author":"Rota","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Rep (Hoboken)"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-023-00535-z","article-title":"Biomarkers and prognostic factors of PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitor-based therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"biomark Res"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00911-1","article-title":"A single-cell and spatially resolved atlas of human breast cancers","volume":"53","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-004400","article-title":"PD-L1 blockade restores CAR T cell activity through IFN-\u03b3-regulation of CD163+ M2 macrophages","volume":"10","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-004590","article-title":"PD-L1\/TLR7 dual-targeting nanobody-drug conjugate mediates potent tumor regression via elevating tumor immunogenicity in a host-expressed PD-L1 bias-dependent way","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abn3966","article-title":"Spatial interplay patterns of cancer nuclei and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) predict clinical benefit for immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.5429","article-title":"T cell\u2010inflamed gene expression profile is associated with favorable disease\u2010specific survival in non\u2010hypermutated microsatellite\u2010stable colorectal cancer patients","volume":"12","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-006633","article-title":"Dissecting tumor lymphocyte infiltration to predict benefit from immune-checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic colorectal cancer: lessons from the AtezoT RIBE study","volume":"11","author":"Moretto","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2023.2219591","article-title":"Trial watch: chemotherapy-induced immunogenic cell death in oncology","volume":"12","author":"Sprooten","year":"","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1054598","article-title":"The effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on the tumor immune microenvironment in gastrointestinal tumors","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.956984","article-title":"Neoadjuvant therapy alters the immune microenvironment in pancreatic cancer","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-022-00879-y","article-title":"Spatial multi-omics analyses of the tumor immune microenvironment","volume":"29","author":"Hsieh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J BioMed Sci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.996721","article-title":"A review of spatial profiling technologies for characterizing the tumor microenvironment in immuno-oncology","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12429","article-title":"Single-cell atlas reveals a distinct immune profile fostered by T cell-B cell crosstalk in triple negative breast cancer","volume":"43","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Commun (Lond)"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35238-w","article-title":"A comprehensive single-cell map of T cell exhaustion-associated immune environments in human breast cancer","volume":"14","author":"Tietscher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cnr2.1779","article-title":"Ethnic disparities in the immune microenvironment of triple negative breast cancer and its role in therapeutic outcomes","volume":"6","author":"Zajac","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Rep (Hoboken)"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00701","article-title":"Camptothesome potentiates PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade for improved metastatic triple-negative breast cancer immunochemotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.10.024","article-title":"3MO IMpassion031: Results from a phase III study of neoadjuvant (neoadj) atezolizumab + chemo in early triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)","volume":"31","author":"Saji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2024.02.002","article-title":"Event-free survival by residual cancer burden with pembrolizumab in early-stage TNBC: exploratory analysis from KEYNOTE-522","volume":"35","author":"Pusztai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djae129","article-title":"Neoadjuvant pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy\/adjuvant pembrolizumab for early-stage triple-negative breast cancer: quality-of-life results from the randomized KEYNOTE-522 study","volume":"116","author":"Dent","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2024.102171","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of anthracycline-free and anthracycline-containing neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy regimens for triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"51","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Oncol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/s41523-022-00500-3","article-title":"A randomized phase 2 study of neoadjuvant carboplatin and paclitaxel with or without atezolizumab in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) - NCI 10013","volume":"8","author":"Ademuyiwa","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Breast Cancer"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2023.5033","article-title":"Clinical and biomarker findings of neoadjuvant pembrolizumab and carboplatin plus docetaxel in triple-negative breast cancer: NeoPACT phase 2 clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2024.3456","article-title":"Neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors plus chemotherapy in early breast cancer","volume":"10","author":"Villacampa","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-023-11293-4","article-title":"Neoadjuvant immunotherapy and chemotherapy regimens for the treatment of high-risk, early-stage triple-negative breast cancer: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Cortes","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyae064","article-title":"Impact of neoadjuvant pembrolizumab adherence on pathologic complete response in triple-negative breast cancer: a real-world analysis","volume":"29","author":"LeVee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-023-01724-2","article-title":"Comparison of SP142 and 22C3 PD-L1 assays in a population-based cohort of triple-negative breast cancer patients in the context of their clinically established scoring algorithms","volume":"25","author":"Sigurjonsdottir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Research: BCR"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-025-15521-x","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitors plus chemotherapy in breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis with focus on triple-negative subtype and immune-related adverse events","volume":"26","author":"Aikelaimu","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-13105-9","article-title":"PD-1\/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of unresectable locally advanced or metastatic triple negative breast cancer: a meta-analysis on their efficacy and safety","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-023-02501-w","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of neoadjuvant immunotherapy plus chemotherapy in patients with early-stage triple-negative breast cancer: an extracted individual patient data and trial-level meta-analysis","volume":"130","author":"Cunha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1933897\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T05:59:31Z","timestamp":1786514371000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1933897\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1933897"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1933897","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"article-number":"1933897"}}