{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T06:15:42Z","timestamp":1788156942942,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI1460459, T32AI007491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI1460459, T32AI007491"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>How infection shapes recall responses in the setting of preexisting influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) stem-focused immunity has important implications given the known impact of imprinting on future immune responses. Adoption of an HA-based universal stem vaccine approach for young infants would likely result in stem-specific imprinting. Understanding how imprinting programs memory B cell recall and early antibody responses to HA stem and head in newborns is therefore essential.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>African green monkeys vaccinated with a A\/New Caledonia\/20\/1999 (NC99) hemagglutinin stem-bearing nanoparticle (H1ssF) adjuvanted with R848+AddaVax as newborns were challenged with H1N1 A\/California\/07\/2009 (Ca09). Antibody and draining lymph node cellular responses were analyzed on d7 following challenge. Both quantitative and qualitative aspects of the antibody response were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our previous studies showed newborn African green monkeys vaccinated with an R848+AddaVax dual adjuvanted H1ssF nanoparticle exhibited a robust stem-specific antibody response that had broad reactivity and enhanced functional activity. In the present study, we investigated how the response elicited by this vaccine was recalled following infection, evaluating both antibody and cellular responses. While challenge resulted in increases in recognition of many heterologous HA molecules, not all responses showed evidence of boosting at this timepoint. Control (Ctrl) animals had limited neutralizing activity to Ca09 at d7 following infection, whereas challenge resulted in significant increases in neutralizing antibody to the challenge virus. Compared to Ctrl animals, vaccinated infants exhibited lower germinal center B cell responses and IFN\u03b3-producing T follicular helper (Tfh) responses. However, vaccinated infants exhibited a significant increase in HA stem-specific plasmablasts and plasma cells in the lung-draining tracheobronchial lymph nodes together with similar head-specific responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Collectively, these findings are consistent with efficient recall of stem-specific responses generated by vaccination with dual adjuvanted H1ssF administered to newborn African green monkeys in response to influenza virus challenge. Interestingly, challenge with the heterologous virus appears to reshape the reactivity profile of the stem-specific response. Further, vaccinated animals exhibit robust early antibody-secreting cell responses, including increased numbers of stem-specific cells, without an apparent reduction in the generation of head-specific cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1934178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T05:40:33Z","timestamp":1788154833000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vaccination of newborn monkeys with an influenza HA stem nanoparticle adjuvanted with R848 and AddaVax results in broadened HA recognition and increased antibody secreting cells to HA stem following H1N1 challenge"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kali F.","family":"Crofts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine","place":["Winston-Salem, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth C.","family":"Holbrook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine","place":["Winston-Salem, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colby J.","family":"Hendrix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine","place":["Winston-Salem, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ava C.","family":"DiPaolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine","place":["Winston-Salem, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney L.","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine","place":["Winston-Salem, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca A.","family":"Gillespie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather A.","family":"Burkart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine","place":["Winston-Salem, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaru","family":"Kanekiyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha A.","family":"Alexander-Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine","place":["Winston-Salem, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8040558","article-title":"Challenges for the newborn immune response to respiratory virus infection and vaccination","volume":"8","author":"Crofts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-2918","article-title":"Influenza-associated pediatric deaths in the United States, 2010\u20132016","volume":"141","author":"Shang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001977","article-title":"Global role and burden of influenza in pediatric respiratory hospitalizations, 1982-2012: A systematic analysis","volume":"13","author":"Lafond","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12419","article-title":"Levels of somatic hypermutations in B cell receptors increase during childhood","volume":"178","author":"Schatorje","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1998.00694.x","article-title":"Somatic mutation of immunoglobulin V(H)6 genes in human infants","volume":"114","author":"Ridings","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203288","article-title":"Neonatal follicular Th cell responses are impaired and modulated by IL-4","volume":"191","author":"Debock","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402071","article-title":"MF59 mediates its B cell adjuvanticity by promoting T follicular helper cells and thus germinal center responses in adult and early life","volume":"194","author":"Mastelic Gavillet","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis941","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in CD4+ T-cell memory responses induced by BCG vaccination of newborns","volume":"207","author":"Soares","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.5.3569","article-title":"Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination of human newborns induces T cells with complex cytokine and phenotypic profiles","volume":"180","author":"Soares","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.8.5647","article-title":"Bacillus Calmette Guerin vaccination of human newborns induces a specific, functional CD8+ T cell response","volume":"177","author":"Murray","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.2.919","article-title":"Influence of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin on antibody and cytokine responses to human neonatal vaccination","volume":"168","author":"Ota","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa0800390","article-title":"Monovalent type 1 oral poliovirus vaccine in newborns","volume":"359","author":"el-Sayed","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2002.01788.x","article-title":"T cell responses to vaccines in infants: defective IFNgamma production after oral polio vaccination","volume":"127","author":"Vekemans","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666x.2019.1642748","article-title":"Neonatal vaccine effectiveness and the role of adjuvants","volume":"15","author":"Sakala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.76.5.713","article-title":"Prevention of perinatal acquisition of hepatitis B virus carriage using vaccine: preliminary report of a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled and comparative trial","volume":"76","author":"Xu","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2003.07.020","article-title":"Hepatitis B immunisation induces higher antibody and memory Th2 responses in new-borns than in adults","volume":"22","author":"Ota","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1078904","article-title":"The adjuvants dmLT and mmCT enhance humoral immune responses to a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine after both parenteral or mucosal immunization of neonatal mice","volume":"13","author":"Molina Estupinan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31709-2","article-title":"CAF08 adjuvant enables single dose protection against respiratory syncytial virus infection in murine newborns","volume":"13","author":"van Haren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.09.054","article-title":"Adjuvanting an inactivated influenza vaccine with conjugated R848 improves the level of antibody present at 6 months in a nonhuman primate neonate model","volume":"35","author":"Holbrook","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600497","article-title":"A novel R848-conjugated inactivated influenza virus vaccine is efficacious and safe in a neonate nonhuman primate model","volume":"197","author":"Holbrook","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa728","article-title":"An R848 conjugated influenza virus vaccine elicits robust IgG to hemagglutinin stem in a newborn nonhuman primate model","volume":"224","author":"Clemens","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600282","article-title":"Age-specific adjuvant synergy: Dual TLR7\/8 and Mincle activation of human newborn dendritic cells enables Th1 polarization","volume":"197","author":"van Haren","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134640","article-title":"The Imidazoquinoline Toll-Like Receptor-7\/8 agonist hybrid-2 potently induces cytokine production by human newborn and adult leukocytes","volume":"10","author":"Ganapathi","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12845","article-title":"An R848 adjuvanted influenza vaccine promotes early activation of B cells in the draining lymph nodes of non-human primate neonates","volume":"153","author":"Holbrook","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507484102","article-title":"HIV Gag protein conjugated to a Toll-like receptor 7\/8 agonist improves the magnitude and quality of Th1 and CD8+ T cell responses in nonhuman primates","volume":"102","author":"Wille-Reece","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11071261","article-title":"An analysis of linker-dependent effects on the APC activation and in vivo immunogenicity of an R848-conjugated influenza vaccine","volume":"11","author":"Crofts","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.01.035","article-title":"The choice of linker for conjugating R848 to inactivated influenza virus determines the stimulatory capacity for innate immune cells","volume":"36","author":"Westcott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-12-4821","article-title":"Unique efficacy of Toll-like receptor 8 agonists in activating human neonatal antigen-presenting cells","volume":"108","author":"Levy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2026.101564","article-title":"Combination adjuvants: clinical value and mechanisms of action","volume":"76","author":"Madelon","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2026.102746","article-title":"A dual-adjuvanted HA stem nanoparticle vaccine elicits a multifunctional antibody response that is associated with protection in newborn monkeys","volume":"7","author":"Crofts","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-120617-041310","article-title":"Is a universal influenza virus vaccine possible","volume":"71","author":"Nachbagauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0143-6","article-title":"The human antibody response to influenza A virus infection and vaccination","volume":"19","author":"Krammer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316ra192","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aad0522","article-title":"Immune history profoundly affects broadly protective B cell responses to influenza","volume":"7","author":"Andrews","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1816300116","article-title":"Outflanking immunodominance to target subdominant broadly neutralizing epitopes","volume":"116","author":"Angeletti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2013.07.007","article-title":"Influenza virus hemagglutinin stalk-based antibodies and vaccines","volume":"3","author":"Krammer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00641-13","article-title":"Chimeric hemagglutinin influenza virus vaccine constructs elicit broadly protective stalk-specific antibodies","volume":"87","author":"Krammer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3927","article-title":"Hemagglutinin-stem nanoparticles generate heterosubtypic influenza protection","volume":"21","author":"Yassine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac7263","article-title":"A stable trimeric influenza hemagglutinin stem as a broadly protective immunogen","volume":"349","author":"Impagliazzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.08.030","article-title":"Comparison of adjuvants to optimize influenza neutralizing antibody responses","volume":"37","author":"Rudicell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2016.12.005","article-title":"An overview of nonhuman primates in aging research","volume":"94","author":"Mattison","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1205669","article-title":"A neutralizing antibody selected from plasma cells that binds to group 1 and group 2 influenza A hemagglutinins","volume":"333","author":"Corti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21954-2","article-title":"A comprehensive influenza reporter virus panel for high-throughput deep profiling of neutralizing antibodies","volume":"12","author":"Creanga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01650-12","article-title":"A novel assay for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against HIV-1- or SIV-infected cells reveals incomplete overlap with antibodies measured by neutralization and binding assays","volume":"86","author":"Alpert","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.11.082","article-title":"Influenza virus-specific antibody dependent cellular cytoxicity induced by vaccination or natural infection","volume":"35","author":"de Vries","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2010.12.016","article-title":"A robust, high-throughput assay to determine the phagocytic activity of clinical antibody samples","volume":"366","author":"Ackerman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci129520","article-title":"Selective induction of antibody effector functional responses using MF59-adjuvanted vaccination","volume":"130","author":"Boudreau","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.194932","article-title":"H1N1 challenge results in rapid recall of stem-specific immunity in HA stem nanoparticle-vaccinated newborn monkeys","volume":"10","author":"Crofts","year":"2025","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3785","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59149-8","article-title":"Antibody function predicts viral control in newborn monkeys immunised with an influenza virus HA stem nanoparticle","volume":"16","author":"Crofts","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.3.1895-1902.1995","article-title":"Bone marrow is a major site of long-term antibody production after acute viral infection","volume":"69","author":"Slifka","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2003.01615.x","article-title":"Antibody response to influenza infection of mice: different patterns for glycoprotein and nucleocapsid antigens","volume":"108","author":"Sealy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02481-15","article-title":"Hemagglutinin stalk immunity reduces influenza virus replication and transmission in ferrets","volume":"90","author":"Nachbagauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3443","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing hemagglutinin stalk-specific antibodies require FcgammaR interactions for protection against influenza virus in vivo","volume":"20","author":"DiLillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2711-0","article-title":"Human germinal centres engage memory and naive B cells after influenza vaccination","volume":"586","author":"Turner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061254","article-title":"High affinity germinal center B cells are actively selected into the plasma cell compartment","volume":"203","author":"Phan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.11.032","article-title":"Restricted clonality and limited germinal center reentry characterize memory B cell reactivation by boosting","volume":"180","author":"Mesin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.03422-13","article-title":"Flow cytometry reveals that H5N1 vaccination elicits cross-reactive stem-directed antibodies from multiple Ig heavy-chain lineages","volume":"88","author":"Whittle","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8628","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26538-7","article-title":"Use of hemagglutinin stem probes demonstrate prevalence of broadly reactive Group 1 influenza antibodies in human sera","volume":"8","author":"Yassine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20120219","article-title":"Bcl6 expression specifies the T follicular helper cell program in vivo","volume":"209","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1175870","article-title":"Bcl6 and Blimp-1 are reciprocal and antagonistic regulators of T follicular helper cell differentiation","volume":"325","author":"Johnston","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-120419-022408","article-title":"Germinal centers","volume":"40","author":"Victora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20170457","article-title":"STAT4 and T-bet control follicular helper T cell development in viral infections","volume":"215","author":"Weinstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.08.015","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3 production by Tfh cells is required for CXCR3+ pre-memory B cell differentiation and subsequent lung-resident memory B cell responses","volume":"56","author":"Arroyo-D\u00edaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900285","article-title":"IgM, IgG, and IgA influenza-specific plasma cells express divergent transcriptomes","volume":"203","author":"Price","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(80)90616-9","article-title":"Two mRNAs with different 3' ends encode membrane-bound and secreted forms of immunoglobulin mu chain","volume":"20","author":"Rogers","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2024.2384192","article-title":"Immune imprinting: The persisting influence of the first antigenic encounter with rapidly evolving viruses","volume":"20","author":"Maltseva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.05.009","article-title":"Opposing effects of pre-existing antibody and memory T cell help on the dynamics of recall germinal centers","volume":"57","author":"Schiepers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2026.01.027","article-title":"B lymphocytes that enter the germinal center late preferentially differentiate into memory cells that recognize subdominant epitopes","volume":"59","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2026752118","article-title":"Differential immune imprinting by influenza virus vaccination and infection in nonhuman primates","volume":"118","author":"McCarthy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1934178\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T05:40:35Z","timestamp":1788154835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1934178\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1934178"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1934178","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"article-number":"1934178"}}