{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,8]],"date-time":"2026-11-08T03:11:44Z","timestamp":1794107504903,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Declining laying performance and egg quality during the late laying period are closely associated with intestinal barrier dysfunction, chronic inflammation, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. In our previous study, dietary supplementation with 15 g\/kg\n Salvia miltiorrhiza<\/jats:italic>\n ultrafine powder (SMUP) exhibited the greatest improvement in laying performance and egg quality of hens during late laying period. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, the present study further investigate the effects of dietary SMUP on ileal morphology, barrier function, immune response, and gut microbiota, combined with\n in silico<\/jats:italic>\n analyses to elucidate the potential molecular mechanisms.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A two-group feeding trial with late-laying hens was conducted to evaluate ileal histomorphology, tight junction protein expression, plasma and ileal inflammatory cytokine levels, and ileal microbial community composition through 16S rRNA sequencing. Transcriptomic data from LPS-stimulated chicken HD11 macrophages (GSE278197) were analyzed by differential expression and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify macrophage polarization hub genes. Network pharmacology, molecular docking and 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations were sequentially performed to identify the key bioactive compound of SMUP and its target protein related to intestinal immune regulation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Dietary SMUP (15 g\/kg) reduced ileal crypt depth (CD), increased villus height\/CD ratio, upregulated tight junction proteins (\n claudin-1<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n occludin<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n ZO-1<\/jats:italic>\n ), and inhibited the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway by downregulating\n TLR4<\/jats:italic>\n and\n NF-\u03baB p65<\/jats:italic>\n expressions (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Additionally, SMUP downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines (\n IL-1\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n IL-6<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n TNF-\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n IFN-\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n iNOS<\/jats:italic>\n ), elevated anti-inflammatory cytokines (\n IL-4<\/jats:italic>\n and\n IL-10<\/jats:italic>\n ) expressions in the ileum, and increased plasma IL-10 level (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Dietary SMUP also modulated gut microbiota by reducing the Tenericutes abundance and enriching predicted ansamycin biosynthesis. Furthermore, network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations identified tanshinone IIA as a core compound directly targeting NFKBIA (encoding I\u03baB\u03b1), suggesting that SMUP stabilizes I\u03baB\u03b1, thereby blocking its phosphorylation-dependent degradation and subsequent NF-\u03baB nuclear translocation. Through inhibition of the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB pathway, SMUP promoted the polarization of intestinal macrophages from the pro-inflammatory M1 toward the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, which was consistent with the reciprocal changes in M1\/M2-related gene expression.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Dietary SMUP improves intestinal health of late-laying hens by strengthening the intestinal barrier, alleviating inflammation (via inhibiting the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB pathway and promoting M2-type macrophage polarization), and modulating the gut microbiota. These improvements in intestinal health supported SMUP as a promising natural plant-derived feed additive for hens during late laying period.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1934610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T05:29:03Z","timestamp":1787203743000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Salvia miltiorrhiza ultrafine powder improves ileal barrier function and health of hens during late laying period via TLR4\/NF-\u03baB-mediated macrophage polarization"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Chengwen","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Changsha, Hunan, China"]},{"name":"College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Abul Kalam","family":"Azad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Changsha, Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenchao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Changsha, Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jue","family":"Gui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Changsha, Hunan, China"]},{"name":"College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yadong","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biology and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University","place":["Fuyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biology and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University","place":["Fuyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangfeng","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Changsha, Hunan, China"]},{"name":"College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"School of Biology and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University","place":["Fuyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3430","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiota in immunity and inflammatory disease","volume":"13","author":"Kamada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.955115","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with fermented plant product modulates production performance, egg quality, intestinal mucosal barrier, and cecal microbiota in laying hens","volume":"13","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c07378","article-title":"Interactions between food hazards and intestinal barrier: impact on foodborne diseases","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2024.04.022","article-title":"Marine red yeast supplementation improves laying performance by regulating small intestinal homeostasis in aging chickens","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.860889","article-title":"Supplementation of dietary quercetin and vitamin E promotes the intestinal structure and immune barrier integrity in aged breeder hens","volume":"13","author":"Amevor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-025-01216-7","article-title":"Integrated analysis of microbiome and transcriptome reveals the mechanisms underlying the chlorogenic acid-mediated attenuation of oxidative stress and systemic inflammatory responses via gut-liver axis in post-peaking laying hens","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.106357","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived propionic acid mitigates age-related albumen quality deterioration by modulating magnum functions","volume":"105","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China","year":"2020"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2025.012","article-title":"Tanshinone IIA improves intestinal barrier integrity in septic rats","volume":"26","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surg Infect (Larchmt)"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108894","article-title":"Cryptotanshinone ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced murine acute and chronic ulcerative colitis via suppressing STAT3 activation and Th17 cell differentiation","volume":"108","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafr.2025.102233","article-title":"Salvia miltiorrhiza enhances laying performance, follicular development, and egg quality of aged laying hens: mechanistic insights from in vivo and in silico studies","volume":"2025","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Agric Food Res"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-27540-4","article-title":"Exploring the mechanism of active components from ginseng to manage diabetes mellitus based on network pharmacology and molecular docking","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1007-1110","article-title":"Network pharmacology","volume":"25","author":"Hopkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11030-022-10501-w","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of Rhubarb in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer based on network pharmacology and molecular docking technology","volume":"27","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Divers"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.139520","article-title":"Enhancing plant-based cheese formulation through molecular docking and dynamic simulation of tocopherol and retinol complexes with zein, soy and almond proteins via SVM-machine learning integration","volume":"452","author":"Yakoubi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-398312-1.00007-X","article-title":"Protein flexibility and enzymatic catalysis","volume":"87","author":"Kokkinidis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-030222-120000","article-title":"The art and science of molecular docking","volume":"93","author":"Paggi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9752-7_2","article-title":"Integrating molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations","volume":"2053","author":"Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2-\u0394\u0394CT Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1503436","article-title":"Se-methylselenocysteine inhibits inflammatory response in an LPS-stimulated chicken HD11 macrophage-like cell model through the NFKB2 pathway","volume":"11","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-9-559","article-title":"WGCNA: an R package for weighted correlation network analysis","volume":"9","author":"Langfelder","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1875-5364(15)30002-9","article-title":"Salvia miltiorrhiza: traditional medicinal uses, chemistry, and pharmacology","volume":"13","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin J Nat Med"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7501\/j.issn.0253-2670.2022.02.031","article-title":"Chemical components and pharmacological action for Salviae Miltiorrhizae radix et Rhizoma and predictive analysis on quality markers","volume":"53","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin Tradit Herb Drugs"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1474170","article-title":"Bioactivities, biosynthesis and biotechnological production of phenolic acids in Salvia miltiorrhiza","volume":"59","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.01.012","article-title":"Tanshinone and salvianolic acid biosynthesis are regulated by SmMYB98 in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots","volume":"23","author":"Hao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2024.102561","article-title":"Elucidating the role of PPARG inhibition in enhancing MERS virus immune response: a network pharmacology and computational drug discovery","volume":"17","author":"Hassan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.9b00055","article-title":"End-point binding free energy calculation with MM\/PBSA and MM\/GBSA: strategies and applications in drug design","volume":"119","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0081-y","article-title":"Tales from the crypt: new insights into intestinal stem cells","volume":"16","author":"Gehart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2023.2201169","article-title":"Broiler performance correlates with gut morphology and intestinal inflammation under field conditions","volume":"52","author":"Rysman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.092","article-title":"Preliminary structure and bioactivities of polysaccharide SMWP-U&E isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge residue","volume":"157","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174408","article-title":"Salvianolic acid B attenuates oxidative stress-induced injuries in enterocytes by activating Akt\/GSK3\u03b2 signaling and preserving mitochondrial function","volume":"909","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.169","article-title":"The intestinal epithelial barrier: a therapeutic target","volume":"14","author":"Odenwald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.06.010","article-title":"The aerial parts of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. strengthen intestinal barrier and modulate gut microbiota imbalance in streptozocin-induced diabetic mice","volume":"36","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Funct Foods"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13010121","article-title":"Maintaining the mitochondrial quality control system was a key event of tanshinone IIA against deoxynivalenol-induced intestinal toxicity","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29282-9","article-title":"Tanshinone IIA-loaded nanoparticles and neural stem cell combination therapy improves gut homeostasis and recovery in a pig ischemic stroke model","volume":"13","author":"Jeon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.015","article-title":"Pathogen recognition and innate immunity","volume":"124","author":"Akira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2005.00288.x","article-title":"Intestinal macrophages: unique effector cells of the innate immune system","volume":"206","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12122543","article-title":"Harnessing the power of our immune system: the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of nitric oxide","volume":"12","author":"Roberts","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113194","article-title":"Macrophage reprogramming and cancer therapeutics: role of iNOS-derived NO","volume":"10","author":"Kashfi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/jtim-2023-0123","article-title":"Crosstalk between gut microbiota and gut resident macrophages in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Transl Int Med"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2017.389","article-title":"Total tanshinones exhibits anti-inflammatory effects through blocking TLR4 dimerization via the MyD88 pathway","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1001-1978.2021.02.012","article-title":"Tanshinone II-A inhibits LPS induced inflammation of RAW264. 7 cells by regulating TLR4\/I\u03baB-\u03b1\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"37","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin Pharm Bull"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joim.2022.01.006","article-title":"Tanshinone IIA prevents acute lung injury by regulating macrophage polarization","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Integr Med"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-020-00303-3","article-title":"Cryptotanshinone from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen) inhibited inflammatory responses via TLR4\/MyD88 signaling pathway","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1075465","article-title":"Cryptotanshinone attenuates LPS-induced acute lung injury by regulating metabolic reprogramming of macrophage","volume":"9","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2022.06.008","article-title":"Metabolic remodeling in tumor-associated macrophages contributing to antitumor activity of cryptotanshinone by regulating TRAF6-ASK1 axis","volume":"26","author":"Yen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Ther Oncolytics"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.574706","article-title":"Post-translational modifications of I\u03baB\u03b1: the state of the art","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20210139","article-title":"Inhibitory feedback control of NF-\u03baB signalling in health and disease","volume":"478","author":"Prescott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2006.04.044","article-title":"Tanshinone IIA inhibits LPS-induced NF-\u03baB activation in RAW 264.7 cells: possible involvement of the NIK-IKK, ERK1\/2, p38 and JNK pathways","volume":"542","author":"Jang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2015-0003","article-title":"TIIA attenuates LPS-induced mouse endometritis by suppressing the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"93","author":"Lv","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B51","article-title":"Tanshinone IIA attenuates osteoclastogenesis in ovariectomized mice by inactivating NF-\u03baB and Akt signaling pathways","volume":"10","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112416","article-title":"Modulation of gut microbiota on intestinal permeability: a novel strategy for treating gastrointestinal related diseases","volume":"137","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8091351","article-title":"Mycoplasmas-host interaction: mechanisms of inflammation and association with cellular transformation","volume":"8","author":"Benedetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7085288","article-title":"Partial enteral nutrition preserves elements of gut barrier function, including innate immunity, intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) level, and intestinal microbiota in mice","volume":"7","author":"Wan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez026","article-title":"Impact of gut microbiota structure in heat-stressed broilers","volume":"98","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109920","article-title":"Effects of subchronic exposure of mercuric chloride on intestinal histology and microbiota in the cecum of chicken","volume":"188","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250256","DOI":"10.5713\/ab.25.0256","article-title":"Fecal microbiome associated with egg production efficiency in laying hens","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Anim Biosci"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-026-00830-0","article-title":"Rifaximin's therapeutic spectrum: approved indications and experimental insights into emerging uses","volume":"78","author":"Palenca","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01340","article-title":"Pathophysiology of NSAID-associated intestinal lesions in the rat: luminal bacteria and mucosal inflammation as targets for prevention","volume":"9","author":"Colucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-021-00611-0","article-title":"Supplemental magnolol or honokiol attenuates adverse effects in broilers infected with Salmonella pullorum by modulating mucosal gene expression and the gut microbiota","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1934610\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T05:29:05Z","timestamp":1787203745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1934610\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1934610"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1934610","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"article-number":"1934610"}}