{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T11:02:33Z","timestamp":1789729353815,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viral infections can leave latent genomes, persistent reservoirs, or prolonged host responses after the presenting illness has resolved. This Review organizes their relevance to adult cognition around three overlapping infection-state prototypes: latency with episodic reactivation, chronic persistence, and acute infection with post-acute host responses. We examine how local antiviral surveillance, antigen-driven T-cell dysfunction, innate immune memory, and inflammatory resolution shape neurovascular and glial responses. Complement-mediated synaptic remodeling, proteostatic disruption, and immunometabolic changes provide additional mechanistic links. The synthesis distinguishes persistent cognitive symptoms, longitudinal cognitive trajectories, and clinical or biomarker-defined neurodegeneration. A dedicated vaccination section examines pathogen-specific protection, adjuvant biology, and heterologous immune effects, while antiviral studies address cognitive change during viral suppression or after clearance. These findings motivate event-triggered studies of reactivation, treatment-anchored studies of persistence, and acute-to-recovery studies of post-infectious cognition, complemented by targeted experimental perturbation. Linking infection state, immune function, and outcome-specific follow-up provides a practical route from broad epidemiological associations to testable mechanisms and modifiable biological processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1936082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T10:10:26Z","timestamp":1789726226000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Viral infection states, immune control, and adult cognition: evidence across latency, persistence, and post-acute responses"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yikai","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan Medical University, Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry (Henan Medical University)","place":["Xinxiang, Henan, China"]},{"name":"Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University","place":["Xiamen, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaowei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Children\u2019s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Medical University","place":["Fuzhou, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangcheng","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Research and Development for Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan Medical University, Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry (Henan Medical University)","place":["Xinxiang, Henan, China"]},{"name":"Brain Institute, Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00249-8","article-title":"Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"7","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01296-0","article-title":"Dementia prevention, 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