{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T06:02:07Z","timestamp":1789970527925,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Resistance to cancer immunotherapy is frequently sustained by immune exclusion, suppressive myeloid and stromal programs, abnormal tumor vasculature, and inhibitory checkpoint-ligand expression within the tumor microenvironment. Activation of the cGAS-STING (cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase)- (Stimulator of Interferon Genes) pathway has emerged as a context-dependent strategy to modulate the cancer immunity cycle and remodel resistant tumor ecosystems, with the potential to convert selected poorly inflamed immune-excluded tumors into immune-reactive lesions. However, STING activation does not simply \u201cturn on\u201d antitumor immunity. By reprogramming the tumor microenvironment, it can generate both therapeutic opportunity and compensatory resistance, including the induction of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on tumor, immune cells, stroma, and endothelial compartments. Recent evidence suggests that this adaptive response may be therapeutically exploited rather than merely counteracted. STING-driven remodeling may sensitize non-malignant tumor microenvironment compartments, including endothelial and myeloid cells, to Fc-engineered antibodies targeting PD-L1 and PD-L2. This Perspective discusses STING agonism as a broad immuno-oncology priming strategy and reframes inducible PD-L1\/PD-L2 expression from an adaptive escape mechanism to an emergent transient, spatially organized, and therapeutically actionable cancer selective target. We propose that rational combinations of STING agonists with Fc-engineered PD-L1\/PD-L2-targeting antibodies, guided by dynamic and spatial biomarkers, could overcome resistance to conventional immune checkpoint blockade in tumors with minimal T-cell infiltration but targetable tumor vasculature. Emerging delivery platforms, including antibody-conjugated STING agonists, may further improve the therapeutic index of this approach by concentrating innate immune activation within antigen-defined tumor niches and reducing off-tumor inflammatory activation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1937129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T05:34:53Z","timestamp":1789968893000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["STING-mediated tumor microenvironment remodeling: turning adaptive resistance into therapeutic vulnerability"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Akash","family":"Boda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ImmunoGenesis, Inc., Houston","place":["TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Bolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of OncoImmunology, Molecular Biotechnology Center \u201cGuido Tarone\u201d, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin","place":["Turin, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Salameh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ImmunoGenesis, Inc., Houston","place":["TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Gagliardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ImmunoGenesis, Inc., Houston","place":["TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Curran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston","place":["TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Iezzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Pathology and Precision Medicine, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara","place":["Chieti, Italy"]},{"name":"Eusoma Breast Centre, Department of Pathology, \u201cG. Bernabeo\u201d Hospital Ortona, ASL2 Abruzzo","place":["Ortona, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of OncoImmunology, Molecular Biotechnology Center \u201cGuido Tarone\u201d, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin","place":["Turin, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Cavallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of OncoImmunology, Molecular Biotechnology Center \u201cGuido Tarone\u201d, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin","place":["Turin, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Pericle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ImmunoGenesis, Inc., Houston","place":["TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.07.012","article-title":"Oncology meets immunology: the cancer-immunity cycle","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.01.017","article-title":"Primary, adaptive, and acquired resistance to cancer immunotherapy","volume":"168","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.09.006","article-title":"A cancer cell program promotes T cell exclusion and resistance to checkpoint blockade","volume":"175","author":"Jerby-Arnon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa6204","article-title":"T cell exclusion, immune privilege, and the tumor microenvironment","volume":"348","author":"Joyce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2016.01.004","article-title":"The nature of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"37","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-025-01187-w","article-title":"Tumour-associated vasculature in T cell homing and immunity: opportunities for cancer therapy","volume":"25","author":"Lanitis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2023.11.002","article-title":"Reprogramming endothelial cells to empower cancer immunotherapy","volume":"30","author":"Cleveland","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-025-01211-z","article-title":"Linking tumour angiogenesis and tumour immunity","volume":"26","author":"Kabir","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-024-01490-1","article-title":"The crossroad between tumor and endothelial cells","volume":"24","author":"Ribatti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3902","article-title":"Immunological hallmarks of stromal cells in the tumour microenvironment","volume":"15","author":"Turley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-024-00740-4","article-title":"CAF-induced physical constraints controlling T cell state and localization in solid tumours","volume":"24","author":"Arpinati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-018-0007-y","article-title":"Approaches to treat immune hot, altered and cold tumours with combination immunotherapies","volume":"18","author":"Galon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23449","article-title":"cGAS surveillance of micronuclei links genome instability to innate immunity","volume":"548","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14156","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA stress primes the antiviral innate immune response","volume":"520","author":"West","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.05.004","article-title":"Immune sensing of DNA","volume":"38","author":"Paludan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07317","article-title":"STING is an endoplasmic reticulum adaptor that facilitates innate immune signalling","volume":"455","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08476","article-title":"STING regulates intracellular DNA-mediated, type I interferon-dependent innate immunity","volume":"461","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232458","article-title":"Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase is a cytosolic DNA sensor that activates the type I interferon pathway","volume":"339","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.017","article-title":"STING-dependent cytosolic DNA sensing mediates innate immune recognition of immunogenic tumors","volume":"41","author":"Woo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.019","article-title":"STING-dependent cytosolic DNA sensing promotes radiation-induced type I interferon-dependent antitumor immunity in immunogenic tumors","volume":"41","author":"Deng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.04.031","article-title":"Direct activation of STING in the tumor microenvironment leads to potent and systemic tumor regression and immunity","volume":"11","author":"Corrales","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.cir-17-0049","article-title":"Intratumoral STING activation with T-cell checkpoint modulation generates systemic antitumor immunity","volume":"5","author":"Ager","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003246","article-title":"High potency STING agonists engage unique myeloid pathways to reverse pancreatic cancer immune privilege","volume":"9","author":"Ager","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.can-14-3619","article-title":"Radiotherapy combined with novel STING-targeting oligonucleotides results in regression of established tumors","volume":"76","author":"Baird","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0573-5","article-title":"STING agonist inflames the pancreatic cancer immune microenvironment and reduces tumor burden in mouse models","volume":"7","author":"Jing","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17071","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-68061-y","article-title":"Activation of STING in pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts exerts an antitumor effect by enhancing tumor immunity","volume":"14","author":"Suzuki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-026-02268-4","article-title":"The cGAS-STING pathway in fibroblast microenvironment: from molecular mechanisms to targeted therapies","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-03924-6","article-title":"Downregulation of cGAS\/STING expression in tumor cells by cancer-associated fibroblasts in colorectal cancer","volume":"15","author":"Kanoda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03347-0","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts induce antigen-specific deletion of CD8 (+) T cells to protect tumour cells","volume":"9","author":"Lakins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1512832112","article-title":"STING activation of tumor endothelial cells initiates spontaneous and therapeutic antitumor immunity","volume":"112","author":"Demaria","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43743-9","article-title":"TET2-mediated tumor cGAS triggers endothelial STING activation to regulate vasculature remodeling and anti-tumor immunity in liver cancer","volume":"15","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci180622","article-title":"Endothelial STING-JAK1 interaction promotes tumor vasculature normalization and antitumor immunity","volume":"135","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.12.162","article-title":"Radiation therapy promotes hepatocellular carcinoma immune cloaking via PD-L1 upregulation induced by cGAS-STING activation","volume":"112","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1330-2","article-title":"The IFN-gamma\/PD-L1 axis between T cells and tumor microenvironment: hints for glioma anti-PD-1\/PD-L1 therapy","volume":"15","author":"Qian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.04.031","article-title":"Interferon receptor signaling pathways regulating PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression","volume":"19","author":"Garcia-Diaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-026-03711-9","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment remodeling by STING agonism sensitizes endothelial cells to cytotoxic anti-PD-L1\/L2 antibody","volume":"45","author":"Salameh","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1359532","article-title":"Programmed cell death-ligand 2: new insights in cancer","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-009702","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblast targeting therapies as a tool to enhance responses to radiotherapy and immunotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Garate-Soraluze","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-020-0075-x","article-title":"PD-L1 expression by dendritic cells is a key regulator of T-cell immunity in cancer","volume":"1","author":"Oh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4835","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18570-x","article-title":"PD-L1 on dendritic cells attenuates T cell activation and regulates response to immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"11","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00670-9","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as immunosuppressive regulators and therapeutic targets in cancer","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transd Targ Ther"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200324270","article-title":"Endothelial expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 down-regulates CD8+ T cell activation and cytolysis","volume":"33","author":"Rodig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-06119-x","article-title":"Exploring the crosstalk between endothelial cells, immune cells, and immune checkpoints in the tumor microenvironment: new insights and therapeutic implications","volume":"14","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.01.021","article-title":"VEGF in signaling and disease: beyond discovery and development","volume":"176","author":"Apte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00490-y","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the era of increasing myeloid cell diversity","volume":"21","author":"Veglia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-051013-052304","article-title":"Regulation of tumor metastasis by myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"66","author":"Condamine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.mct-08-0201","article-title":"Optimization of antibody binding to FcgammaRIIa enhances macrophage phagocytosis of tumor cells","volume":"7","author":"Richards","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Ther"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2017.03.005","article-title":"Eradication of tumors through simultaneous ablation of CD276\/B7-H3-positive tumor cells and tumor vasculature","volume":"31","author":"Seaman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-024-01050-6","article-title":"Induction of NK cell reactivity against acute myeloid leukemia by Fc-optimized CD276 (B7-H3) antibody","volume":"14","author":"Stefanczyk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202520642","article-title":"An implantable scaffold sequentially releasing STING agonist and B7-H3 antibody for bone metastasis immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-025-00986-3","article-title":"The tumor microenvironment's role in the response to immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"6","author":"Aliazis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-025-00894-9","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges of targeting cGAS-STING in cancer","volume":"26","author":"Lu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-21-1963","article-title":"Phase I dose-escalation trial of MIW815 (ADU-S100), an intratumoral STING agonist, in patients with advanced\/metastatic solid tumors or lymphomas","volume":"28","author":"Meric-Bernstam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-24-2824","article-title":"Intratumoral or subcutaneous MK-2118, a noncyclic dinucleotide STING agonist, with or without pembrolizumab, for advanced or metastatic solid tumors or lymphomas","volume":"31","author":"Luke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1485546","article-title":"Clinical applications of STING agonists in cancer immunotherapy: current progress and future prospects","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7139","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197139","article-title":"Spatial and temporal changes in PD-L1 expression in cancer: the role of genetic drivers, tumor microenvironment and resistance to therapy","volume":"21","author":"Shklovskaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19336918.2025.2472308","article-title":"Dual implication of endothelial adhesion molecules in tumor progression and cancer immunity","volume":"19","author":"Chriqui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Adh Migr"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1617906","article-title":"Multiplex imaging analysis of the tumor immune microenvironment for guiding precision immunotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-023-06977-1","article-title":"Intratumor spatial heterogeneity in programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) protein expression in early-stage breast cancer","volume":"201","author":"Kahn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-023-00580-2","article-title":"Methods and applications for single-cell and spatial multi-omics","volume":"24","author":"Vandereyken","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bmm2.70100","article-title":"Glycosylated dendrimer nanoamplifiers hijack DNA damage-immune crosstalk for enhanced dual-track therapy of orthotopic glioblastoma","volume":"2026","author":"Song","year":"","journal-title":"BMEMat"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bmm2.70062","article-title":"Reprogramming tumor immune microenvironment by ultrasound-responsive nanoplatforms for enhanced cancer immunotherapy","volume":"2026","author":"Zhao","year":"","journal-title":"BMEMat"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bmm2.12079","article-title":"Regulated cell death-amplified sonodynamic anti-tumor immune nanotherapeutics","volume":"2","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMEMat"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-018-0342-5","article-title":"Endosomolytic polymersomes increase the activity of cyclic dinucleotide STING agonists to enhance cancer immunotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Shae","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-023-01447-7","article-title":"Investigation of the enhanced antitumour potency of STING agonist after conjugation to polymer nanoparticles","volume":"18","author":"Dosta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40312-y","article-title":"Chemically programmed STING-activating nano-liposomal vesicles improve anticancer immunity","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37328-9","article-title":"STING agonist-loaded, CD47\/PD-L1-targeting nanoparticles potentiate antitumor immunity and radiotherapy for glioblastoma","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222-025-00337-y","article-title":"Bioengineering strategies to optimize STING agonist therapy","volume":"3","author":"Dosta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Bioeng"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-24-2449","article-title":"XMT-2056, a HER2-directed STING agonist antibody-drug conjugate, induces innate antitumor immune responses by acting on cancer cells and tumor-resident immune cells","volume":"31","author":"Bukhalid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5842","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49932-4","article-title":"Tumor cell-directed STING agonist antibody-drug conjugates induce type III interferons and anti-tumor innate immune responses","volume":"15","author":"Malli Cetinbas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.11.047","article-title":"Magnitude of therapeutic STING activation determines CD8(+) T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity","volume":"25","author":"Sivick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.122034","article-title":"Interval- and cycle-dependent combined effect of STING agonist loaded lipid nanoparticles and a PD-1 antibody","volume":"624","author":"Khalifa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-24-3630","article-title":"Phase I and II clinical studies of the STING agonist Ulevostinag with and without pembrolizumab in participants with advanced or metastatic solid tumors or lymphomas","volume":"31","author":"Harrington","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-017-0220-y","article-title":"Analyses of the peripheral immunome following multiple administrations of avelumab, a human IgG1 anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody","volume":"5","author":"Donahue","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-025-01097-9","article-title":"Immunosuppressive mechanisms and therapeutic interventions shaping glioblastoma immunity","volume":"7","author":"Moreno-Sanchez","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.mct-25-0108","article-title":"Targeted delivery of a potent STING agonist payload via an antibody-drug conjugate drives robust antitumor activity in preclinical models","volume":"25","author":"Gruber","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Ther"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1937129\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T05:34:55Z","timestamp":1789968895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1937129\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1937129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1937129","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"article-number":"1937129"}}