{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:16:36Z","timestamp":1788419796840,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) frequently presents with gastrointestinal complications, yet the immunopathogenesis of CVID-associated enteropathy remains poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate intestinal T cell subset distributions and intracellular cytokine profiles in order to better understand mucosal immune alterations associated with enteropathy in CVID.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Duodenal and ileal biopsy specimens were obtained from CVID patients with enteropathy (EP, n=11) and without enteropathy (EN, n=13), patients with Crohn\u2019s disease (CD, n=9), and healthy controls (HC, n=14). Lamina propria mononuclear cells were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry to determine T-cell phenotypes, maturation status, and intracellular cytokine production following stimulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Duodenal tissue from EP patients showed significantly reduced frequencies of total T, cytotoxic T, mucosal T, mucosal cytotoxic T, accompanied by an expansion of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells and a trend toward reduced Treg frequencies. Intracellular IL-17 production was markedly decreased in both mucosal and \u03b3\u03b4 T cell subsets. In the ileum, EP patients displayed reduced Treg frequencies together with increased \u03b3\u03b4 T cells and enhanced IFN-\u03b3 production by \u03b3\u03b4 T cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study identifies distinct, compartment-specific alterations in duodenal and ileal T cell profiles in CVID-associated enteropathy. Reduced IL-17 production and \u03b3\u03b4 T cell expansion in the duodenum, together with reduced Treg frequencies and increased IFN-\u03b3-producing \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in the ileum, characterized CVID-associated enteropathy. These findings indicate disrupted mucosal immune homeostasis and provide a basis for future longitudinal and mechanistic studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1937502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:43:56Z","timestamp":1788417836000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mucosal regulatory and effector T-cell imbalance in CVID-associated enteropathy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Semra","family":"Demir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Allergy Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nevzat","family":"Kahveci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Allergy Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Metin Yusuf","family":"Gelmez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derya","family":"Unal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Allergy Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osman Ozan","family":"Yegit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Allergy Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Akif","family":"Yagli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zulal","family":"\u0130stemihan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neslihan","family":"Berker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bilger","family":"Cavus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatih","family":"Besisik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esin","family":"Cetin Aktas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University","place":["Istanbul, 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