{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T07:01:34Z","timestamp":1790146894133,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF) is associated with high short- and long-term mortality. Prior nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) treatment history, particularly treatment withdrawal and virological resistance, may contribute to ACLF development and influence prognosis after onset. However, the clinical impact of different NA treatment histories in patients with HBV-ACLF remains insufficiently characterized. This study evaluated the associations of baseline HBV-DNA status and prior NA treatment history with mortality in patients with HBV-ACLF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This multicenter retrospective cohort study included hospitalized patients with HBV-ACLF from three tertiary hospitals in Chongqing, China, between January 2018 and December 2024. Patients were stratified according to baseline HBV-DNA status. Among HBV-DNA-positive patients, prior NA treatment history was categorized as NA na\u00efve, NA unsupervised withdrawal, or NA suboptimal response(NA-SR). Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate associations with 28-, 90-, 180-, and 360-day mortality. Propensity score matching was applied to reduce baseline confounding. Because of the small size of the NA-SR group, these analyses were considered exploratory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 702 patients with HBV-ACLF, 625 were HBV-DNA-positive and 77 were HBV-DNA-negative at admission. Baseline HBV-DNA positivity showde a consistend trendtoward increased 28-day mortality (HR 2.19, 95% CI 0.83-5.83; P\u00a0=\u00a00.115). Among HBV-DNA-positive patients, compared with NA-na\u00efve patients (n=480; 136 events), prior NA unsupervised withdrawal (n=127; 47 events) was associated with increased 360-day mortality (adjusted HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.00-2.00; P\u00a0=\u00a00.051), while NA suboptimal response (n=18; 11 events) showed a higher point estimate for 360-day mortality (adjusted HR 2.68, 95% CI 1.43-5.03; P\u00a0=\u00a00.002). Propensity score-matched analyses yielded directionally consistent results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among HBV-DNA-positive patients with HBV-ACLF, prior NA unsupervised withdrawal showde a borderline associated with worse long-term survival, and NA suboptimal response showed a stronger and statistically significant association with worse long-term survival that requires confirmation in larger cohorts. These findings highlight NA treatment history as a clinically relevant disease-background factor in HBV-ACLF and support careful documentation of antiviral exposure, avoidance of unsupervised treatment discontinuation, and timely monitoring for virological breakthrough in chronic HBV care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1942114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:18:14Z","timestamp":1790144294000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment history with mortality in HBV-DNA-positive HBV-ACLF: a multicenter cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Liping","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sijing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1914900","article-title":"Acute-on-chronic liver failure","volume":"382","author":"Arroyo","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J 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