{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:16:12Z","timestamp":1788419772032,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS) is an acute immune-mediated disease of the peripheral nervous system, with accumulating evidence of increased levels of multiple inflammatory factors in the central nervous system. Previous studies have suggested that inflammatory factors may mediate changes in brain structure and function by activating glial cells and altering the expression of iron-regulatory proteins. However, direct imaging evidence supporting these alterations in GBS remains limited. Therefore, based on multimodal magnetic resonance imaging, this study preliminarily investigated potential changes in gray matter structure and iron metabolism in GBS, and further explored their associations with fluid biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 25 GBS patients and 39 healthy controls were enrolled and underwent multimodal brain MRI examinations. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to assess differences in whole-brain gray matter volume (GMV), while quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) was used to evaluate tissue magnetic susceptibility. For exploratory analyses, mean GMV and magnetic susceptibility values were extracted from significant whole-brain clusters and correlated with blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) indicators in GBS patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GBS patients exhibited reduced GMV in the bilateral hippocampal\u2013parahippocampal\u2013amygdala regions and increased magnetic susceptibility in bilateral temporal regions. Exploratory analyses revealed negative associations between GMV in the left hippocampal cluster and several CSF markers involving IgA, IgG, and the CSF-to-serum total protein ratio.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GBS patients exhibit potential alterations in brain GMV and magnetic susceptibility-related tissue properties. These findings suggest that GBS may be accompanied by changes in central brain tissue status, and gray matter abnormalities in the limbic system may be associated with alterations in the CSF immune-metabolic microenvironment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1942893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:40:43Z","timestamp":1788417643000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multimodal MRI links gray matter volume loss and temporal lobe susceptibility to CSF immunological profiles in Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyu","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianru","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC (Anhui Provincial Hospital)","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shugang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guankai","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongyuan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaokun","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00517-1","article-title":"Guillain-barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"397","author":"Shahrizaila","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00339-1","article-title":"Guillain-barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"388","author":"Willison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-025-01239-1","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 vaccination coverage on global disability burden of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"10","author":"G\u00e0o","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-317968","article-title":"Clinical outcome of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome after prolonged mechanical ventilation","volume":"89","author":"van den Berg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0250-9","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in ten steps","volume":"15","author":"Leonhard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51226","article-title":"Altered mental status in \u201cGuillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome\u201d -a noteworthy clinical clue","volume":"7","author":"Mulroy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.608695","article-title":"Case report: intracranial hypertension secondary to guillain-barre syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Doxaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2014.11.004","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011584","article-title":"Increased intracranial pressure in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: A case report","volume":"97","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.3.451","article-title":"Central nervous system pathology in patients with the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"120","author":"Maier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp231","article-title":"Cutting your nerve changes your brain","volume":"132","author":"Taylor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5782","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13695-0","article-title":"Enhancing plasticity in central networks improves motor and sensory recovery after nerve damage","volume":"10","author":"Meyers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1100815108","article-title":"Optogenetic-guided cortical plasticity after nerve injury","volume":"108","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.303008","article-title":"Cortical plasticity and nerve regeneration after peripheral nerve injury","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Regener Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2017.12.004","article-title":"Loss of inhibition in ipsilateral somatosensory areas following altered afferent nerve signaling from the hand","volume":"135","author":"Bj\u00f6rkman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16073","article-title":"European Academy of Neurology\/Peripheral Nerve Society Guideline on diagnosis and treatment of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"30","author":"van Doorn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.04.016","article-title":"Interleukin-6 covaries inversely with hippocampal grey matter volume in middle-aged adults","volume":"64","author":"Marsland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.03.015","article-title":"Brain morphology links systemic inflammation to cognitive function in midlife adults","volume":"48","author":"Marsland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318248e50f","article-title":"Circulating IL-6 and CRP are associated with MRI findings in the elderly: the 3C-Dijon Study","volume":"78","author":"Satizabal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","article-title":"Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia","volume":"541","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12244","article-title":"Inflammation alters the expression of DMT1, FPN1 and hepcidin, and it causes iron accumulation in central nervous system cells","volume":"126","author":"Urrutia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00717","article-title":"Peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid cytokine levels in guillain barr\u00e9 Syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00428","article-title":"Comparing CAT12 and VBM8 for detecting brain morphological abnormalities in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"8","author":"Farokhian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.210054","article-title":"Quantitative susceptibility mapping: basic methods and clinical applications","volume":"42","author":"Harada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn113694-20240220-00099","article-title":"\u4e2d\u56fd\u5409\u5170-\u5df4\u96f7\u7efc\u5408\u5f81\u8bca\u6cbb\u6307\u53572024","volume":"57","year":"2024","journal-title":"\u4e2d\u534e\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u6742\u5fd7"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3352\/jeehp.2021.18.17","article-title":"Sample size determination and power analysis using the G*Power software","volume":"18","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Educ Eval Health Prof"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giae049","article-title":"CAT: a computational anatomy toolbox for the analysis of structural MRI data","volume":"13","author":"Gaser","year":"2024","journal-title":"GigaScience"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giaf146","article-title":"Segmentation-based quality control of structural MRI using the CAT12 toolbox","volume":"14","author":"Dahnke","year":"2025","journal-title":"GigaScience"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.09.034","article-title":"Accurate automatic estimation of total intracranial volume: a nuisance variable with less nuisance","volume":"104","author":"Malone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2015.014","article-title":"A 12-step user guide for analyzing voxel-wise gray matter asymmetries in statistical parametric mapping (SPM)","volume":"10","author":"Kurth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.250513","article-title":"Susceptibility MRI helps predict mild cognitive impairment onset and cognitive decline in cognitively unimpaired older adults","volume":"316","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.30006","article-title":"Recommended implementation of quantitative susceptibility mapping for clinical research in the brain: A consensus of the ISMRM electro\u2010magnetic tissue properties study group","volume":"91","author":"Bilgic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-025-02258-y","article-title":"Subcortical nuclei and glymphatic system alterations in migraine with aura: a comparative 7T multimodal MRI analysis","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107495","article-title":"Neural correlates of successful emotional episodic encoding and retrieval: An SDM meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies","volume":"143","author":"Dahlgren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.171","article-title":"Stress effects on neuronal structure: hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex","volume":"41","author":"McEwen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.04.021","article-title":"Stress, anxiety, and dendritic spines: what are the connections","volume":"251","author":"Leuner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181f88345","article-title":"Pain in Guillain-Barre syndrome: a long-term follow-up study","volume":"75","author":"Ruts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.02.029","article-title":"Gray matter volume reduction reflects chronic pain in trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"74","author":"Obermann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S183561","article-title":"Altered gray matter volume in patients with herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"JPR"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S246745","article-title":"Functional and structural changes in postherpetic neuralgia brain before and six months after pain relieving","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1087945","article-title":"Remodeling of the brain correlates with gait instability in cervical spondylotic myelopathy","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24636","article-title":"Voxel-based analysis of grey and white matter degeneration in cervical spondylotic myelopathy","volume":"6","author":"Grabher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2021.101925","article-title":"The temporal pole: From anatomy to function-A literature appraisal","volume":"113","author":"Herlin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv024","article-title":"The roles of left versus right anterior temporal lobes in conceptual knowledge: an ALE meta-analysis of 97 functional neuroimaging studies","volume":"25","author":"Rice","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.05.049","article-title":"Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) as a means to measure brain iron? A post mortem validation study","volume":"62","author":"Langkammer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/260473","article-title":"IL-17 and IL-22 in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma are elevated in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"2012","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mediators Inflammation"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.03.010","article-title":"Evidence of altered Th17 pathway signatures in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Guillain Barr\u00e9 Syndrome","volume":"75","author":"Debnath","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20010017","article-title":"Effect of inflammatory mediators lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid on iron metabolism of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells alters in the presence of BV-2 microglia","volume":"20","author":"Pandur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.843297","article-title":"Transcriptome profiles of incRNA and mRNA highlight the role of ferroptosis in chronic neuropathic pain with memory impairment","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27816","article-title":"Increased risk of depression after Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"67","author":"Levison","year":"2023","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-018-0007-1","article-title":"Sleep and psychiatric abnormalities in Gullian Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Bahnasy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Egypt J Neurol Psychiatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2012.01688.x","article-title":"Prevalence and profile of sleep disturbances in Guillain-Barre syndrome: a prospective questionnaire-based study during 10 days of hospitalization","volume":"127","author":"Karkare","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-230253","article-title":"Mediation effect of brain volume on the relationship between peripheral inflammation and cognitive decline","volume":"95","author":"Zhuo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004688","article-title":"Midlife systemic inflammatory markers are associated with late-life brain volume: The ARIC study","volume":"89","author":"Walker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1468910","article-title":"Comparison of volumetric brain analysis in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis","volume":"11","author":"Cox","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-022-06482-8","article-title":"A meta-analysis of structural MRI studies of the brain in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)","volume":"42","author":"Cox","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030499","article-title":"Selective involvement of the amygdala in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"3","author":"Emmer","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000041494.70178.17","article-title":"Sera from Guillain-Barr\u00e9 patients enhance leakage in blood-nerve barrier model","volume":"60","author":"Kanda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12253","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid total protein determination in acute and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies: a critical reappraisal","volume":"23","author":"Franciotta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Peripher Nerv Syst"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200405","article-title":"Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein autoantibody associated with blood-nerve barrier breakdown in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Shimizu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-005-0817-9","article-title":"Isolated blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier dysfunction: prevalence and associated diseases","volume":"252","author":"Brettschneider","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X-anp-2020-0094","article-title":"Blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier dysfunction means reduced CSF flow not barrier leakage - conclusions from CSF protein data","volume":"79","author":"Reiber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.53282","article-title":"An appraisal of blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier dysfunction during the course of Guillain Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Gonzalez-Quevedo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjno-2024-000912","article-title":"CSF oligoclonal bands in neurological diseases besides CNS inflammatory demyelinating disorders","volume":"7","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Neurol Open"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01161.x","article-title":"Anti-ganglioside antibodies and elevated CSF IgG levels in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Mat\u00e0","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-016-0493-9","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid anti-Epstein-Barr virus specific oligoclonal IgM and IgG bands in patients with clinically isolated and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Ferraro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-325868","article-title":"Oligoclonal IgG bands in chronic inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathies","volume":"92","author":"Ruiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2011.08.017","article-title":"Hemispheric lateralisation and immune function: a systematic review of human research","author":"Sumner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3546","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3546","article-title":"Contributions to magnetic susceptibility of brain tissue","volume":"30","author":"Duyn","year":"2017","journal-title":"NMR BioMed"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1942893\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:40:45Z","timestamp":1788417645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1942893\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1942893"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1942893","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"article-number":"1942893"}}