{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T05:52:11Z","timestamp":1791525131017,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection remains a pervasive diarrheal illness, particularly affecting populations in developing countries. The lack of an effective vaccine against non-typhoidal\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      is attributable to antigenic diversity among serotypes, incomplete understanding of protective immune mechanisms, and the difficulty in identifying conserved antigens capable of eliciting broad cross-protective immunity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To identify conserved\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      antigens, we established a\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      -specific monoclonal antibody library using heat-killed bacteria. Candidate antigens recognized by monoclonal antibodies were characterized, and their functional relevance was evaluated through analyses of bacterial growth, respiratory activity, and protective effects in a murine\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified L2-1H11, a monoclonal antibody that recognizes OppA, a conserved antigen present across multiple\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      serotypes. L2-1H11 was associated with suppression of bacterial growth and respiratory activity and attenuated enteritis pathology in\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected mice.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings identify OppA as a conserved\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      antigen and suggest that it may represent a promising target for the development of subcutaneous and oral vaccines against\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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