{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T15:03:28Z","timestamp":1794409408802,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe pulmonary involvement in childhood-onset primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome (cSS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study included 17 children with cSS diagnosed at Jiangxi Provincial Children\u2019s Hospital between August 2021 and August 2025. Patients were classified by baseline chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT)as normal CT (n=8) or abnormal CT (n=9); among patients with abnormal CT, 5 had interstitial lung involvement. Clinical, laboratory, radiological, and outcome data were compared.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 17 children, 14 were female (82.4%), and the mean age at onset was 10.83 \u00b1 3.12 years. Abnormal chest CT findings were detected in 9 patients (52.9%). Age at onset was younger in the abnormal CT group than in the normal CT group (9.37 \u00b1 2.67 vs. 12.48 \u00b1 2.88 years,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.036), and was lowest in the interstitial lung involvement subgroup (8.30 \u00b1 2.51 years,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.022). This subgroup had higher total T and CD4+ T lymphocyte proportions and a lower B lymphocyte proportion\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.026, 0.027, and 0.023, respectively. Pleural thickening was the most common CT abnormality (77.8%), followed by ground-glass opacities and nodules &amp;gt;3\u00a0mm (33.3% each). Among the 5 patients with interstitial lung involvement, 3 met radiological criteria for ILD, comprising 2 with organizing pneumonia and 1 with nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. During follow-up, 3 of 6 patients with longitudinal imaging achieved complete radiological normalization, 2 improved, and 1 remained stable.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pulmonary abnormalities were common in children with cSS. Younger onset and aberrant T\/B lymphocyte subsets showed exploratory associations with pulmonary involvement, which appeared mainly inflammatory and demonstrated favorable radiological evolution during follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1943681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:25:07Z","timestamp":1791260707000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical, immunological, and radiological characteristics of pulmonary involvement in childhood-onset primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: a single-center retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jiayun","family":"Ling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jiangxi Provincial Children\u2019s Hospital, Nanchang Medical College","place":["Nanchang, Jiangxi, 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China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuqiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, Jiangxi Provincial Children\u2019s Hospital, Nanchang Medical College","place":["Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"]},{"name":"Radiology Department, Jiangxi Hospital Affiliated to Children\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caihui","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, Jiangxi Provincial Children\u2019s Hospital, Nanchang Medical College","place":["Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"]},{"name":"Radiology Department, Jiangxi Hospital Affiliated to Children\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Nanchang, Jiangxi, 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