{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T14:01:57Z","timestamp":1790085717733,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) QX-like (GI-19) genotype dominates global poultry flocks, yet Mass-type vaccines fail to confer cross-protection. We developed a recombinant Newcastle disease virus (NDV) LaSota vector expressing conserved IBV S1 B-cell hotspots paired with S1-derived BF2-restricted CTL epitopes (rNDV-IBV-T\/B). Specific-pathogen-free chickens received single or booster ocular-nasal immunization (10\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    EID\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) followed by QX-like challenge. Booster immunization increased the frequency of splenic CD3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells (41.3% vs. 31.9% in the sham-vaccinated challenge control; Tukey-adjusted p&amp;lt;0.001) and elicited neutralizing antibodies (peak log\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    GMT, 5.80). Vaccinated groups showed markedly reduced clinical scores, preserved tracheal ciliary activity at all assessed post-challenge time points, and mitigated histopathological lesions. Vaccination reduced oropharyngeal and cloacal viral RNA shedding at multiple post-challenge time points, with the booster regimen producing a more consistent reduction in cloacal viral RNA. Protection was accompanied by an increased frequency of splenic CD3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells, particularly after booster immunization, suggesting a role for cellular immunity alongside neutralizing antibodies. The NDV-LaSota backbone functions as a modular platform for rapid vaccine redesign against emerging coronavirus variants.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1949497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T13:17:41Z","timestamp":1790083061000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A recombinant Newcastle disease virus-vectored multi-epitope vaccine confers protection against QX-like infectious bronchitis virus in chickens"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoyuan","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xusheng","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingjie","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuiping","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chan","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunlin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9010020","article-title":"Towards improved use of vaccination in the control of infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease in poultry: Understanding the immunological mechanisms","volume":"9","author":"Ike","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines 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