{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T06:05:03Z","timestamp":1790057103785,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A significant challenge in the study of neuroimmune responses is the identification and separation of resident microglia from infiltrating bone marrow-derived macrophages. Therefore, we investigated whether dual labelling of Cx3cr1 and Ccr2 is sufficient to discriminate retinal microglia from infiltrating macrophages in mice that develop spontaneous autoimmune uveoretinitis\u2013a condition dependent on infiltration of lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells from the circulation into the retina. Mice expressing red fluorescent protein (RFP) under control of the Ccr2 promoter and green fluorescent protein (GFP) under control of the Cx3cr1 promoter (Ccr2\n                    <jats:sup>RFP<\/jats:sup>\n                    Cx3cr1\n                    <jats:sup>GFP<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice) were crossed with the uveitogenic R161H mouse line. Retinas of R161H\n                    <jats:sup>neg<\/jats:sup>\n                    x Ccr2\n                    <jats:sup>RFP+\/-<\/jats:sup>\n                    Cx3cr1\n                    <jats:sup>GFP+\/-<\/jats:sup>\n                    F\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    mice, including those given an optic nerve crush injury to stimulate retinal MG expansion, and R161H\n                    <jats:sup>+\/-<\/jats:sup>\n                    x Ccr2\n                    <jats:sup>RFP+\/-<\/jats:sup>\n                    Cx3cr1\n                    <jats:sup>GFP+\/-<\/jats:sup>\n                    F\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    mice were analyzed for RFP and GFP expressing cells by fundoscopy, flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and for Ccr2 expression by single cell RNA sequencing of retinal CD45\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells. Retinas from control and optic nerve crushed R161H\n                    <jats:sup>neg<\/jats:sup>\n                    x Ccr2\n                    <jats:sup>RFP+\/-<\/jats:sup>\n                    Cx3cr1\n                    <jats:sup>GFP+\/-<\/jats:sup>\n                    F\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    mice contained a single population of CD45\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells expressing a uniquely high level of GFP but were devoid of RFP\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells, while retinas from R161H\n                    <jats:sup>+\/-<\/jats:sup>\n                    x Ccr2\n                    <jats:sup>RFP+\/-<\/jats:sup>\n                    Cx3cr1\n                    <jats:sup>GFP+\/-<\/jats:sup>\n                    F\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    mice had GFP\n                    <jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells and increasing amounts of GFP\n                    <jats:sup>neg<\/jats:sup>\n                    RFP\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and GFP\n                    <jats:sup>lo-med<\/jats:sup>\n                    RFP\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells as uveoretinitis progressed. Thus, dual labelling of Ccr2 and Cx3cr1 can distinguish retinal microglia from infiltrating immune cells, and as GFP\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , RFP\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and GFP\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    RFP\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells can be easily separated by flow cytometry, our system provides a method for their separation for downstream cellular analysis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1951506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T05:39:27Z","timestamp":1790055567000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A method for distinguishing and separating retinal microglia from infiltrating macrophages during an ocular inflammatory event"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Scott W.","family":"McPherson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota.","place":["Minneapolis, MN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Burgstaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota.","place":["Minneapolis, MN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe","family":"Sherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota.","place":["Minneapolis, MN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Patin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota.","place":["Minneapolis, MN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Roehrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota.","place":["Minneapolis, MN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1194637","article-title":"Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult microglia derive from primitive macrophages","volume":"330","author":"Ginhoux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3318","article-title":"Microglia emerge from erythromyeloid precursors via Pu.1- and Irf8-dependent pathways","volume":"16","author":"Kierdorf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2019.09.004","article-title":"Cien anos de microglia: Milestones in a century of microglial research","volume":"42","author":"Sierra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-018-0011-8","article-title":"Dual extra-retinal origins of microglia in the model of retinal microglia repopulation","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0090-8","article-title":"Repopulated microglia are solely derived from the proliferation of residual microglia after acute depletion","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8433","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08702-7","article-title":"Monocyte infiltration and proliferation reestablish myeloid cell homeostasis in the mouse retina following retinal pigment epithelial cell injury","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20636","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20636","article-title":"Fate mapping reveals that microglia and recruited monocyte-derived macrophages are definitively distinguishable by phenotype in the retina","volume":"6","author":"O'Koren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1546-9","article-title":"The retinal environment induces microglia-like properties in recruited myeloid cells","volume":"16","author":"McPherson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.09.09.612126","article-title":"Epigenetic adaptation drives monocyte differentiation into microglia-like cells upon engraftment into the central nervous system","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1525528113","article-title":"New tools for studying microglia in the mouse and human CNS","volume":"113","author":"Bennett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3599","article-title":"Identification of a unique TGF-beta-dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia","volume":"17","author":"Butovsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/neup.12235","article-title":"TMEM119 marks a subset of microglia in the human brain","volume":"36","author":"Satoh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0290-2","article-title":"Human microglia regional heterogeneity and phenotypes determined by multiplexed single-cell mass cytometry","volume":"22","author":"Bottcher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.04.018","article-title":"Microglial TMEM119 binds to amyloid-beta to promote its clearance in an Abeta-depositing mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041636","article-title":"Microglia and neuroinflammation: What place for P2RY12","volume":"22","author":"Gomez Morillas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.820127","article-title":"Protein expression of the microglial marker Tmem119 decreases in association with morphological changes and location in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury","volume":"16","author":"Mercurio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.902372","article-title":"A new understanding of TMEM119 as a marker of microglia","volume":"16","author":"Ruan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-024-00846-3","article-title":"Tmem119 expression is downregulated in a subset of brain metastasis-associated microglia","volume":"25","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19351-w","article-title":"Single cell RNA sequencing confirms retinal microglia activation associated with early onset retinal degeneration","volume":"12","author":"Kumari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24164","article-title":"Transmembrane protein 119 is neither a specific nor a reliable marker for microglia","volume":"70","author":"Vankriekelsvenne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-52315-y","article-title":"Microglia-specificity of different markers is overridden in glioblastoma specimens","volume":"16","author":"Bungert","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2018.18.e5","article-title":"Tissue-specific role of CX(3)CR1 expressing immune cells and their relationships with human disease","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immune Netw"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14879","article-title":"Functional analysis of CX3CR1 in human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived microglia-like cells","volume":"52","author":"Murai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/eneuro.0114-19.2019","article-title":"Targeting microglia using Cx3cr1-Cre lines: Revisiting the specificity","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601458","article-title":"CCR2 regulates the immune response by modulating the interconversion and function of effector and regulatory T cells","volume":"198","author":"Bakos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2014.120","article-title":"Role of CCR2 in inflammatory conditions of the central nervous system","volume":"34","author":"Chu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401320","article-title":"CCR2-dependent dendritic cell accumulation in the central nervous system during early effector experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is essential for effector T cell restimulation in situ and disease progression","volume":"194","author":"Clarkson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-062124-043519","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and disease: Pathways and opportunities","volume":"66","author":"Hoffman","year":"2026","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mcb.20.11.4106-4114.2000","article-title":"Analysis of fractalkine receptor CX(3)CR1 function by targeted deletion and green fluorescent protein reporter gene insertion","volume":"20","author":"Jung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013693","article-title":"Selective chemokine receptor usage by central nervous system myeloid cells in CCR2-red fluorescent protein knock-in mice","volume":"5","author":"Saederup","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072161","article-title":"Comparative analysis of induced vs. spontaneous models of autoimmune uveitis targeting the interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524015666150731095201","article-title":"Spontaneous ocular autoimmunity in mice expressing a transgenic T cell receptor specific to retina: A tool to dissect mechanisms of uveitis","volume":"15","author":"Horai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Mol Med"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.003","article-title":"Breakdown of immune privilege and spontaneous autoimmunity in mice expressing a transgenic T cell receptor specific for a retinal autoantigen","volume":"44","author":"Horai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02660-2","article-title":"Parabiosis reveals the correlation between the recruitment of circulating antigen presenting cells to the retina and the induction of spontaneous autoimmune uveoretinitis","volume":"19","author":"McPherson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.11.26","article-title":"The role of retinal antigen-presenting cells in spontaneous retinal autoimmunity","volume":"66","author":"Sherman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9662","article-title":"The Rd8 mutation of the Crb1 gene is present in vendor lines of C57BL\/6N mice and embryonic stem cells, and confounds ocular induced mutant phenotypes","volume":"53","author":"Mattapallil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8938-6_15","article-title":"Clinical and functional evaluation of ocular inflammatory disease using the model of experimental autoimmune uveitis","volume":"1899","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2010.05.022","article-title":"Dendritic cells are early responders to retinal injury","volume":"40","author":"Lehmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"B39","article-title":"Experimental induction of retinal ganglion cell death in adult mice","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"1999","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-014-0143-1","article-title":"Retinal dendritic cell recruitment, but not function, was inhibited in MyD88 and TRIF deficient mice","volume":"11","author":"Heuss","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-018-0571-8","article-title":"Optic nerve as a source of activated retinal microglia post-injury","volume":"6","author":"Heuss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-014-0205-4","article-title":"Retinal antigen-specific regulatory T cells protect against spontaneous and induced autoimmunity and require local dendritic cells","volume":"11","author":"McPherson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2017.09.002","article-title":"A subpopulation of activated retinal macrophages selectively migrated to regions of cone photoreceptor stress, but had limited effect on cone death in a mouse model for type 2 Leber congenital amaurosis","volume":"85","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/laban1005-39","article-title":"A rapid, simple, and humane method for submandibular bleeding of mice using a lancet","volume":"34","author":"Golde","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lab Anim (NY)"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.02.007","article-title":"Microglial function is distinct in different anatomical locations during retinal homeostasis and degeneration","volume":"50","author":"O'Koren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20231011","article-title":"Microglia at sites of atrophy restrict the progression of retinal degeneration via galectin-3 and Trem2","volume":"221","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-27378-1_30","article-title":"Identification of a unique subretinal microglia type in retinal degeneration using single cell RNA-Seq","volume":"1185","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157339511796196584","article-title":"Generation of regulatory T cells to antigen expressed in the retina","volume":"7","author":"McPherson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102415","article-title":"The living eye \"disarms\" uncommitted autoreactive T cells by converting them to Foxp3(+) regulatory cells following local antigen recognition","volume":"188","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.115780","article-title":"Ocular immune privilege in action: The living eye imposes unique regulatory and anergic gene signatures on uveitogenic T cells","volume":"44","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202625","article-title":"Local \"on-demand\" generation and function of antigen-specific Foxp3+ regulatory T cells","volume":"190","author":"McPherson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2016.08.007","article-title":"Flow cytometric analysis of inflammatory and resident myeloid populations in mouse ocular inflammatory models","volume":"151","author":"Liyanage","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21769\/bioprotoc.4745","article-title":"Multi-color flow cytometry protocol to characterize myeloid cells in mouse retina research","volume":"13","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bio Protoc"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.8.6.29","article-title":"Occurrence of transmembrane protein 119 in the retina is not restricted to the microglia: an immunohistochemical study","volume":"8","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073443","article-title":"Transcriptional and distributional profiling of microglia in retinal angiomatous proliferation","volume":"23","author":"Schlecht","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.79.9.834","article-title":"Flow cytometric identification of a minority population of MHC class II positive cells in the normal rat retina distinct from CD45lowCD11b\/c+CD4low parenchymal microglia","volume":"79","author":"Dick","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1142883","article-title":"Monitoring of blood vessels and tissues by a population of monocytes with patrolling behavior","volume":"317","author":"Auffray","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3343","article-title":"Self-renewing resident arterial macrophages arise from embryonic CX3CR1(+) precursors and circulating monocytes immediately after birth","volume":"17","author":"Ensan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1873474","article-title":"CX3CR1 and CCR2: dynamic myeloid cell states across inflammatory diseases with implications for oral health and disease","volume":"17","author":"Lim","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1309","article-title":"Monocyte emigration from bone marrow during bacterial infection requires signals mediated by chemokine receptor CCR2","volume":"7","author":"Serbina","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci29919","article-title":"Critical roles for CCR2 and MCP-3 in monocyte mobilization from bone marrow and recruitment to inflammatory sites","volume":"117","author":"Tsou","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.12.001","article-title":"Fate mapping reveals origins and dynamics of monocytes and tissue macrophages under homeostasis","volume":"38","author":"Yona","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.10.005","article-title":"Developmental and functional heterogeneity of monocytes","volume":"49","author":"Guilliams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.01.006","article-title":"Transcriptome-based network analysis reveals a spectrum model of human macrophage activation","volume":"40","author":"Xue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1497026","article-title":"The role and therapeutic targeting of the CCL2\/CCR2 signaling axis in inflammatory and fibrotic diseases","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3070","article-title":"Monocyte recruitment during infection and inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201747400","article-title":"Murine macrophage chemokine receptor CCR2 plays a crucial role in macrophage recruitment and regulated inflammation in wound healing","volume":"48","author":"Boniakowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.03.001","article-title":"Re-programming immunosurveillance in persistent non-infectious ocular inflammation","volume":"65","author":"Epps","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15495","article-title":"Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU)-related tissue damage and angiogenesis is reduced in CCL2(-)\/(-)CX(3)CR1gfp\/gfp mice","volume":"55","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5325","article-title":"The monocyte chemokine receptor CX3CR1 does not play a significant role in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis","volume":"51","author":"Kezic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2010.01953.x","article-title":"Neutrophil-dominant experimental autoimmune uveitis in CC-chemokine receptor 2 knockout mice","volume":"89","author":"Sonoda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2014.02.024","article-title":"Spontaneous development of autoimmune uveitis Is CCR2 dependent","volume":"184","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-1014","article-title":"CD45-positive cells of the retina and their responsiveness to in vivo and in vitro treatment with IFN-gamma or anti-CD40","volume":"44","author":"Gregerson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1703382","article-title":"Breach and restoration of retinal immune privilege: barrier failure, innate dysregulation, and adaptive autoimmunity","volume":"16","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1951506\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T05:39:28Z","timestamp":1790055568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1951506\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1951506"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1951506","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"article-number":"1951506"}}