{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T21:15:11Z","timestamp":1792271711604,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Insect Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The function of two autophagy genes, an activating molecule BECN1 regulated autophagy (AMBRA1) and autophagy-related gene 8 (ATG8) in the midgut remodeling of <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic> was investigated. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis of RNA samples collected from the last instar larvae and pupae showed that these two genes are predominantly expressed during the last 12\u00a0h and first 24\u00a0h of the last larval and pupal stages, respectively. Stable ecdysteroid analog induced and juvenile hormone (JH) analog suppressed these genes. RNA interference (RNAi) studies showed that the ecdysone-induced transcription factor E93 is required for the expression of these genes. JH-induced transcription factor kr\u00fcppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1) suppressed the expression of these genes. RNAi-mediated silencing of <jats:italic>AMBRA1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ATG8<\/jats:italic> blocked midgut remodeling. Histological studies of midguts from insects at 48\u00a0h after ecdysis to the final larval stage and 12\u00a0h after ecdysis to the pupal stage showed that <jats:italic>ATG<\/jats:italic> gene knockdown blocked midgut remodeling. <jats:italic>AMBRA1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ATG8<\/jats:italic> double-stranded (dsRNA)-treated insects retained larval midgut cells and died during the pupal stage. Together, these results demonstrate that ecdysteroid induction of <jats:italic>ATG<\/jats:italic> genes initiates autophagy programmed cell death during midgut remodeling. JH inhibits midgut remodeling during metamorphosis by interfering with the expression of ATG genes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/finsc.2023.1113871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T05:44:33Z","timestamp":1673847873000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Autophagy genes AMBRA1 and ATG8 play key roles in midgut remodeling of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Najla M.","family":"Albishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subba Reddy","family":"Palli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mod.2006.05.005","article-title":"Mechanisms of midgut remodeling: juvenile hormone analog methoprene blocks midgut metamorphosis by modulating ecdysone action","volume":"123","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mech Dev"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120811-153700","article-title":"The juvenile hormone signaling pathway in insect development","volume":"58","author":"Jindra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20190065","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0065","article-title":"Cell death during complete metamorphosis","volume":"374","author":"Tettamanti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc London. 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