{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T11:12:42Z","timestamp":1771931562090,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/20823-5, 2021\/13093-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/20823-5, 2021\/13093-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Insect Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Huanglongbing (HLB) is considered the most serious Citrus disease for which there are currently no effective control methods. The putative agents of HLB,\n                    <jats:italic>Candidatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    Liberibacter asiaticus (\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    Las), and the vector\n                    <jats:italic>Diaphorina citri<\/jats:italic>\n                    , are widespread in citrus regions, causing losses in citrus cultivation worldwide. Studying the interactions between\n                    <jats:italic>D. citri<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    Las can elucidate disease epidemiology and determine specific targets for HLB control. This work aimed to improve our understanding of the host\u2013bacteria (\n                    <jats:italic>D. citri<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    Las) relationship, focusing on cysteine peptidase (DcCathL) and its inhibition by citrus cystatin (CsinCPI-2). In this study, a combination of qPCR, FISH, and immunolocalization techniques was employed to detect DcCathL genes or proteins in\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    Las-free or -infected\n                    <jats:italic>D. citri<\/jats:italic>\n                    samples. To verify the effect of DcCathL inhibition on insect survival, an artificial diet assay containing recombinant CsinCPI-2 was performed with infected and healthy\n                    <jats:italic>D. citri<\/jats:italic>\n                    nymphs and adults. Accordingly, a relative expression of\n                    <jats:italic>DcCathL<\/jats:italic>\n                    1.23 times higher and an approximately 3.3 times greater\n                    <jats:italic>DcCathL<\/jats:italic>\n                    transcripts in gut tissue were demonstrated in\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    Las-infected compared to\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    Las-free insects. Furthermore, the presence of DcCathL protein was detected in the gut, ovary, and salivary glands of\n                    <jats:italic>D. citri<\/jats:italic>\n                    , concentrated at the peripheral regions of the cells. The fluorescence signal associated with DcCathL indicates that the gut of infected\n                    <jats:italic>D. citri<\/jats:italic>\n                    contains 4.81 times more protein than the gut of a healthy insect. Similarly, the protein levels in the salivary glands and ovaries of infected insects were 1.38 and 1.1 times higher, respectively, compared to those of\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    Las-free insects. The efficacy of the artificial diet in delivering the recombinant protein to the insect was demonstrated by the detection of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the intestinal tract of nymphs and adults. Finally, the CsinCPI-2 demonstrated a substantial increase in mortality among\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    Las-free nymphs (df = 1, p &amp;lt; 0.0001) and\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    Las-free or\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    Las-infected adults (df = 1, p = 0.0001). Thus, the development of inhibitors that can disrupt the interactions between bacteria and vectors by blocking DcCathL activity may represent a promising strategy to prevent the spread of HLB disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/finsc.2026.1700002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T14:20:38Z","timestamp":1770819638000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Recombinant cystatin ingestion by Diaphorina citri reduces insect survival: insights into the HLB host\u2013bacteria interaction (D. citri\u2013CLas) focused on DcCathL studies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"S\u00e2mara V.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos","place":["S\u00e3o Carlos, SP, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Bernardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food Animal and Environment Di4A, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Udine","place":["Udine, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Poulami","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Entomology Department, University of California","place":["Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun-Yi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida","place":["Lake Alfred, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos","place":["S\u00e3o Carlos, SP, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo R.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences (ZAB), School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo","place":["Pirassununga, SP, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan C.","family":"Cifuentes-Arenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Fund for Citrus Protection \u2013 Fundecitrus","place":["Araraquara, SP, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina S.","family":"Pranchevicius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos","place":["S\u00e3o Carlos, SP, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelson A.","family":"Wulff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Fund for Citrus Protection \u2013 Fundecitrus","place":["Araraquara, SP, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabr\u00edcio J.","family":"Jaciani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Fund for Citrus Protection \u2013 Fundecitrus","place":["Araraquara, SP, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcelo B.","family":"Cioffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos","place":["S\u00e3o Carlos, SP, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Stanton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida","place":["Lake Alfred, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida","place":["Lake Alfred, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Soares-Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos","place":["S\u00e3o Carlos, SP, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4454\/jpp.v88i1.828","article-title":"Huanglongbing: a destructive, newly emerging century-old disease of citrus","volume":"88","author":"Bov\u00e9","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Plant 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