{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T14:22:50Z","timestamp":1786112570013,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Insect Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Banana bunchy top disease (BBTD), caused by the banana bunchy top virus (BBTV), poses a growing threat to banana production in Africa and is spread locally by the banana aphid,\n                      <jats:italic>Pentalonia nigronervosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Effective BBTD management requires better understanding of aphid habitat, dispersal, response to farm operations, and practical aphid vector and disease control options.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study integrated field assessments, field experiments, and a laboratory trial in Uganda to characterize aphid ecology and refine integrated pest and disease management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Aphids were highly cryptic, occurring mainly between leaf sheaths and on lower and middle pseudostem sections. Though winged aphids were mostly associated with larger aphid colonies they occurred across all colony sizes, indicating that even small colonies may contribute to BBTV spread. Sticky traps showed winged aphids to actively disperse throughout fields, with flights often extending beyond adjacent mats. Mechanical disturbance, simulating farm activities such as de-trashing and roguing, strongly increased movement of both winged and wingless aphids and occasionally flight, which could potentially increase BBTV transmission risk in case aphids are viruliferous. Aphids persisted on cut and disposed pseudostem pieces, especially under shaded conditions, but not on corms. In laboratory assays, aphids preferred leaf tissue, although field colonies were mainly pseudostem-associated. Spraying with a 1% laundry soap solution rapidly reduced both winged and wingless aphid populations within 30 minutes to two hours, with populations remaining low for up to two weeks on de-trashed plants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings show that BBTD management should target hidden pseudostem colonies, minimize aphid dispersal during plant disturbance, apply soap spray before or immediately after de-trashing infected plants or infected mat removal, and rapidly bury infected pseudostems and leaves while drying corm pieces separately. The study provides practical refinements for smallholder-oriented BBTD integrated management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/finsc.2026.1883891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T15:17:25Z","timestamp":1785943045000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Banana aphid, Pentalonia nigronervosa (Hemiptera: Aphididae): ecology and implications for the integrated management of banana bunchy top disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Geofrey","family":"Ogwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioversity International","place":["Kampala, Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Ocimati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioversity International","place":["Kampala, Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Kearsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BlueGreen Labs","place":["Melsele, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Blomme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioversity International","place":["Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-014-2295-9","article-title":"A top ten list for economically important plant viruses","volume":"160","author":"Rybicki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60321-8","article-title":"Banana bunchy top: an economically important tropical plant virus disease","volume":"33","author":"Dale","year":"1987","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"12","volume-title":"100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species: A Selection From the Global Invasive Species Database","author":"Lowe","year":"2000"},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"Species Profile Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV)\n          \n          2026"},{"key":"B5","article-title":"Occurrence and distribution of banana bunchy top disease in the Great Lakes region of Africa","volume":"6","author":"Niyongere","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tree For. Sci Biotech"},{"key":"B6","first-page":"17","article-title":"The Banana bunchy top disease","volume-title":"Virus Diseases of Tropical and Subtropical Crops","author":"Niyongere","year":"2015"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/99.6.2185","article-title":"Within-plant distribution and binomial sampling of Pentalonia nigronervosa (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on banana","volume":"99","author":"Robson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"B8","article-title":"Integrated pest management of banana","volume-title":"Banana Breeding: Progress and Challenges","author":"Dubois","year":"2011"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6800863","article-title":"Wing dimorphism in aphids","volume":"97","author":"Braendle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/431531","article-title":"Aphids: a model for polyphenism and epigenetics","volume":"1","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genet Res Int"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058323","article-title":"Multiple cues for winged morph production in an aphid metacommunity","volume":"8","author":"Mehrparvar","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-003-1185-8","article-title":"The interplay between density-and trait-mediated effects in predator-prey interactions: a case study in aphid wing polymorphism","volume":"135","author":"Kunert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2005.00754.x","article-title":"Alarm pheromone mediates production of winged dispersal morphs in aphids","volume":"8","author":"Kunert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"key":"B14","unstructured":"Guide to banana bunchy top disease: surveillance, control, and production recovery\n          \n          \n            \n              Omondi\n              AB\n            \n            \n              Skilton\n              RA\n            \n            \n              Kumar\n              PL\n            \n            \n              Munyua\n              LM\n            \n            \n              Bahama\n              JB\n            \n            \n              Niassy\n              S\n            \n          \n          \n          2026"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fagro.2026.1757848","article-title":"Integrated pest and disease management for banana crops in East and Central Africa: addressing the challenges of co-occurring biotic threats","volume":"8","author":"Blomme","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Agron"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2014.10.006","article-title":"Biology, etiology, and control of virus diseases of banana and plantain","volume":"91","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0318-1","volume-title":"Mixed-Effects Models in s and s-Plus, 1st Edn","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2000"},{"key":"B18","volume-title":"Model Selection and Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach, 2nd Edn","author":"Burnham","year":"2002"},{"key":"B19","unstructured":"Hartig\n              F\n            \n          \n          DHARMa: Residual Diagnostics for Hierarchical (Multi-Level \/ Mixed) Regression Models (Version 0.4.7)\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066","article-title":"glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling","volume":"9","author":"Brooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"R. J"},{"key":"B22","unstructured":"nlme: linear and nonlinear mixed effects models\n          \n          \n            \n              Pinheiro\n              J\n            \n            \n              Bates\n              D\n            \n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B23","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2025"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(69)90199-1","article-title":"The role of crowding in the production of winged forms by two strains of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum","volume":"15","author":"Sutherland","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Insect Physiol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2311.2001.00321.x","article-title":"The role of nutrition, crowding and interspecific interactions in the development of winged aphids","volume":"26","author":"Muller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecol Entomol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11829-013-9279-7","article-title":"The effect of microhabitat feeding site selection on aphid foraging and predation risk","volume":"7","author":"Keiser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arth-Plant Int"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jia.2025.06.009","article-title":"Plasticity in within-plant distribution patterns allows aphids to optimize their fitness under contrasting interactions with protective ants and predatory ladybugs","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Integr Agric"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.5772\/53924","article-title":"Use of botanicals and safer insecticides designed in controlling insects: the African case","volume-title":"Insecticides\u2014Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies","author":"Kareru","year":"2013"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/PPA.13253","article-title":"The effectiveness of consistent roguing in managing banana bunchy top disease in smallholder production in Africa","volume":"69","author":"Omondi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Pathol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10905-021-09784-y","article-title":"Post-dropping behavior of potato aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae)","volume":"34","author":"Humphreys","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Insect Behav"},{"key":"B31","first-page":"64","article-title":"Investigation on the bunchy top disease of the banana","volume":"30","author":"Magee","year":"1927","journal-title":"Bull Counc. Sci Ind Res (Aust)"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-1406-2_17","article-title":"Viral diseases of banana and their management","volume-title":"Plant Viruses: Evol. Manage","author":"Tripathi","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Insect Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/finsc.2026.1883891\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T15:17:27Z","timestamp":1785943047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/finsc.2026.1883891\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/finsc.2026.1883891"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/finsc.2026.1883891","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-8600"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-8600","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"article-number":"1883891"}}