{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T05:58:16Z","timestamp":1794463096170,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Insect Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Honey bee colony losses are an increasing global concern, yet nationwide pathogen-resolved surveillance data integrating molecular diagnostics with field-based mite monitoring remain limited. This study presents the first national active surveillance program for honey bee diseases in South Korea, combining standardized field inspections with RT-qPCR-based pathogen detection. A total of 1,715 samples were collected from 107 apiaries during three seasonal surveillance rounds in 2025: Round 1 (post-overwintering; March\u2013May), Round 2 (post-honey-harvest; July\u2013August), and Round 3 (pre-overwintering; October\u2013November). Both\n                    <jats:italic>Apis mellifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Apis cerana<\/jats:italic>\n                    colonies were included in the analysis. Fourteen target honey bee pathogens were screened using RT-qPCR assays (Ct \u2264 35), and\n                    <jats:italic>Varroa destructor<\/jats:italic>\n                    infestation status in\n                    <jats:italic>A. mellifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    apiaries was evaluated through brood inspection or powdered-sugar roll testing depending on seasonal field conditions. DWV prevalence increased progressively from 70.1% in Round 1 (post-overwintering) to 90.4% in Round 2 (post-honey-harvest) and 97.0% in Round 3 (pre-overwintering), coinciding with increasing\n                    <jats:italic>Varroa<\/jats:italic>\n                    detection in\n                    <jats:italic>A. mellifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    apiaries (28.1%, 85.4%, and 87.9%, respectively). Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) also increased progressively across the three surveillance rounds (18.3%, 40.1%, and 47.7%). In contrast, black queen cell virus (BQCV), sacbrood virus (SBV),\n                    <jats:italic>Vairimorpha<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (formerly\n                    <jats:italic>Nosema<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.), and chalkbrood showed declining trends toward autumn. Co-infection patterns shifted seasonally. Although the mean number of detected pathogens per sample decreased from 2.76 to 2.02, co-detection of DWV and IAPV increased markedly from 15.3% to 47.0%. In\n                    <jats:italic>A. cerana<\/jats:italic>\n                    apiaries, SBV remained highly prevalent throughout the surveillance rounds. These findings indicate that the late-season expansion of the\n                    <jats:italic>Varroa<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013DWV\u2013IAPV complex represents a major epidemiological feature of Korean apiculture and coincides with the critical period of winter-bee production. This nationwide surveillance framework provides an evidence-based foundation for seasonal honey bee disease management and optimized timing of\n                    <jats:italic>Varroa<\/jats:italic>\n                    control interventions in temperate apicultural systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/finsc.2026.1891174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T05:34:47Z","timestamp":1786426487000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Seasonal dynamics of honey bee pathogens and Varroa destructor infestation in South Korea: results from a National Active Surveillance Program"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jang-Hyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic and Honeybee Diseases, Bacterial Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency","place":["Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Se-Ji","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic and Honeybee Diseases, Bacterial Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency","place":["Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Yeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic and Honeybee Diseases, Bacterial Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency","place":["Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi-Sun","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic and Honeybee Diseases, Bacterial Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency","place":["Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"So Youn","family":"Youn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic and Honeybee Diseases, Bacterial Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency","place":["Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun Sang","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic and Honeybee Diseases, Bacterial Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency","place":["Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyang-Sim","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic and Honeybee Diseases, Bacterial Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency","place":["Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"Major statistics of agriculture, food and rural affairs 2024","year":"2024"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(07)70002-7","article-title":"Honey bee viruses","volume":"70","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2015.01.015","article-title":"Honey bee colony losses and associated 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