{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T06:01:14Z","timestamp":1785477674222,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019644","name":"Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019644","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Insect Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Apple production in Kazakhstan is highly vulnerable to damage caused by fruit-infesting tortricid pests, particularly codling moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Accurate and rapid species identification is essential for effective pest management and phytosanitary monitoring in apple orchards.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Field surveys were conducted in apple orchards of southern and southeastern Kazakhstan to investigate the codling moth complex. Collected specimens were identified morphologically and confirmed by sequencing a mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) region. Comparative COI sequence analysis was used to develop a multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay employing Minor Groove Binder hydrolysis probes for simultaneous detection and differentiation of\n                      <jats:italic>Cydia pomonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Grapholita molesta<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Field surveys identified\n                      <jats:italic>C. pomonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>G. molesta<\/jats:italic>\n                      , with\n                      <jats:italic>C. pomonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      accounting for 83.3% of collected specimens. COI sequencing enabled reliable discrimination between the two species. The multiplex assay demonstrated high specificity, produced no false-positive amplification in non-target species, and achieved 100% detection down to 5 pg DNA per reaction.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The developed COI-based multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay provides a rapid, sensitive, and reliable tool for simultaneous identification of\n                      <jats:italic>C. pomonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>G. molesta<\/jats:italic>\n                      . It is suitable for phytosanitary monitoring, early detection, and management of quarantine-relevant tortricid pests in Kazakhstan.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/finsc.2026.1897268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T05:39:08Z","timestamp":1785476348000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular monitoring and multiplex qPCR-based detection of Cydia pomonella and Grapholita molesta in apple orchards of Kazakhstan"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Alibek","family":"Makhambetov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology","place":["Almaty, Kazakhstan"]},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Al Farabi Kazakh National University","place":["Almaty, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeriya","family":"Kostyukova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology","place":["Almaty, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bakyt","family":"Dulat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology","place":["Almaty, Kazakhstan"]},{"name":"Research Center AgriBioTech","place":["Almaty, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zarina","family":"Dairbekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology","place":["Almaty, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulnur","family":"Zholdasbek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazakh National Agrarian Research University","place":["Almaty, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kairova","family":"Gulshariya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazakh National Agrarian Research University","place":["Almaty, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Khusnitdinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology","place":["Almaty, Kazakhstan"]},{"name":"Research Center AgriBioTech","place":["Almaty, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abay","family":"Sagitov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology","place":["Almaty, Kazakhstan"]},{"name":"Research Center AgriBioTech","place":["Almaty, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilyara","family":"Gritsenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology","place":["Almaty, Kazakhstan"]},{"name":"Research Center AgriBioTech","place":["Almaty, Kazakhstan"]},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Al Farabi Kazakh National University","place":["Almaty, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.36.2.225","article-title":"Silk Road Apples\u2014Collection, Evaluation, and Utilization of Malus sieversii from Central Asia","volume":"36","author":"Luby","year":"2001"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.654","article-title":"The genome of the domesticated apple (Malus \u00d7 domestica 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