{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T07:44:48Z","timestamp":1780991088118,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Trop. Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The tropical disease, loiasis, caused by the filarial parasite, <jats:italic>Loa loa<\/jats:italic>, has gained prominence in global public health as a cause of excess mortality and a barrier to the elimination of the related prioritized neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis, within Central Africa. There are no effective drug cures or vaccines available to treat loiasis safely. Here we review recent advances in loiasis preclinical platform technologies, including novel <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> culturing systems, animal models and innovations in experimental infections of the <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic> vector, <jats:italic>Chrysops<\/jats:italic>, that have facilitated access to all <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic> filarial life-cycle stages. We detail applications of these new model systems in anti-filarial drug screening, diagnostic development, immunology, and pathophysiology research. Finally, we provide an overview of how loiasis preclinical platforms may be further utilized in translational medicine applications to support the development of much needed new interventions against filarial NTDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2021.778724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T05:24:47Z","timestamp":1636349087000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Advances in Preclinical Platforms of Loa loa for Filarial Neglected Tropical Disease Drug and Diagnostics Research"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Samuel","family":"Wanji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerine Chawa","family":"Chunda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanny Fri","family":"Fombad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdel J\u00e9lil","family":"Njouendou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narcisse Victor T.","family":"Gandjui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Enyong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Mackenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achim","family":"Hoerauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph D.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3280490","article-title":"Development and Larval Morphology of Loa Loa in Experimental Primate Hosts","volume":"67","author":"Eberhard","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1210","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001210","article-title":"The Geographic Distribution of Loa Loa in Africa: Results of Large-Scale Implementation of the Rapid Assessment Procedure for Loiasis (RAPLOA)","volume":"5","author":"Zour\u00e9","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.04.006","article-title":"What Are the Mechanisms Associated With Post-Ivermectin Serious Adverse Events","volume":"22","author":"Boussinesq","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.12.003","article-title":"The Population Biology and Transmission Dynamics of Loa Loa","volume":"34","author":"Whittaker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30405-4","article-title":"Excess Mortality Associated With Loiasis: A Retrospective Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"17","author":"Chesnais","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"Secondary Effects of the Treatment of Hypermicrofilaremic Loiasis Using Ivermectin","volume":"88","author":"Ducorps","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.58.461","article-title":"Three Probable Cases of Loa Loa Encephalopathy Following Ivermectin Treatment for Onchocerciasis","volume":"58","author":"Boussinesq","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90041-9","article-title":"Marked Decrease in Loa Loa Microfilaraemia Six and Twelve Months After a Single Dose of Ivermectin","volume":"91","author":"Gardon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(96)40006-0","article-title":"Severe Adverse Reaction Risks During Mass Treatment With Ivermectin in Loiasis-Endemic Areas","volume":"12","author":"Chippaux","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)11094-1","article-title":"Serious Reactions After Mass Treatment of Onchocerciasis With Ivermectin in an Area Endemic for Loa Loa Infection","volume":"350","author":"Gardon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1076\/0928-6586(200003)7:1;1-2;ft027","article-title":"Ocular Findings After Ivermectin Treatment of Patients With High Loa Loa Microfilaremia","volume":"7","author":"Fobi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa137","article-title":"Infection-Associated Immune Perturbations Resolve 1 Year Following Treatment for Loa Loa","volume":"72","author":"Herrick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1365","article-title":"A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Pilot Study of Single-Dose Humanized Anti-IL5 Antibody (Reslizumab) for the Reduction of Eosinophilia Following Diethylcarbamazine Treatment of Loa Loa Infection","volume":"73","author":"Legrand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.04.007","article-title":"Where Next With Loa Loa Encephalopathy? Data Are Badly Needed","volume":"23","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286re4","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa3480","article-title":"Point-Of-Care Quantification of Blood-Borne Filarial Parasites With a Mobile Phone Microscope","volume":"7","author":"D\u2019Ambrosio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz461","article-title":"A Test-And-Not-Treat Strategy for Onchocerciasis Elimination in Loa Loa-Coendemic Areas: Cost Analysis of a Pilot in the Soa Health District, Cameroon","volume":"70","author":"Lenk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e003248","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003248","article-title":"Why Onchocerciasis Transmission Persists After 15 Annual Ivermectin Mass Drug Administrations in South-West Cameroon","volume":"6","author":"Forrer","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Heal"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003777","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003777","article-title":"Correction to: Control, Elimination, and Eradication of River Blindness: Scenarios, Timelines, and Ivermectin Treatment Needs in Africa","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0620","article-title":"A Roadmap for the Development of Ivermectin as a Complementary Malaria Vector Control Tool","volume":"102","author":"Billingsley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05009-3","article-title":"Mapping Lymphatic Filariasis in Loa Loa Endemic Health Districts Na\u00efve for Ivermectin Mass Administration and Situated in the Forested Zone of Cameroon","volume":"20","author":"Beng","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007192","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007192","article-title":"Mapping of Lymphatic Filariasis in Loiasis Areas: A New Strategy Shows No Evidence for Wuchereria Bancrofti Endemicity in Cameroon","volume":"13","author":"Wanji","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004492","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004492","article-title":"Effect of Two or Six Doses 800 Mg of Albendazole Every Two Months on Loa Loa Microfilaraemia: A Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"10","author":"Kamgno","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.1.202","article-title":"Albendazole in Human Loiasis: Results of a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"168","author":"Klion","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2852-2","article-title":"Evaluation of In Vitro Culture Systems for the Maintenance of Microfilariae and Infective Larvae of Loa Loa","volume":"11","author":"Zofou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B25","article-title":"Current Knowledge on the Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Immunology, and Treatment of Loiasis","volume":"46","author":"Wahl","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1958.11685857","article-title":"Studies on Loiasis in Monkeys. I. The Relationship Between Human and Simian Loa in the Rain-Forest Zone of the British Cameroons","volume":"52","author":"Duke","year":"1958","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol England;"},{"key":"B27","article-title":"Loa Loa: Development and Course of Patency in Experimentally-Infected Primates","volume":"36","author":"Orihel","year":"1985","journal-title":"Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1975.24.606","article-title":"Loa Loa: Experimental Infection in Two Species of African Primates","volume":"24","author":"Orihel","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1994.1072","article-title":"Loa Loa: Immunological Responses During Experimental Infections in Mandrills (Mandrillus Sphinx)","volume":"79","author":"Pinder","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1960.11685953","article-title":"Studies on Loiasis in Monkeys. II.\u2013The Population Dynamics of the Microfilariae of Loa in Experimentally Infected Drills (Mandrillus Leucophaeus)","volume":"54","author":"DUKE","year":"1960","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol Engl"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1960.11685969","article-title":"Studies on Loiasis in Monkeys. III. The Pathology of the Spleen in Drills (Mandrillus Leucophaeus) Infected With Loa","volume":"54","author":"DUKE","year":"1960","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol England;"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004202","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004202","article-title":"Parasitological, Hematological and Biochemical Characteristics of a Model of Hyper-Microfilariaemic Loiasis (Loa Loa) in the Baboon (Papio Anubis)","volume":"9","author":"Wanji","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005576","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005576","article-title":"Ivermectin Treatment of Loa Loa Hyper-Microfilaraemic Baboons (Papio Anubis): Assessment of Microfilarial Load Reduction, Haematological and Biochemical Parameters and Histopathological Changes Following Treatment","volume":"11","author":"Wanji","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006949","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006949","article-title":"Interleukin-4 Activated Macrophages Mediate Immunity to Filarial Helminth Infection by Sustaining CCR3-Dependent Eosinophilia","volume":"14","author":"Turner","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5169\/seals-313141","article-title":"The Susceptibility of BALB\/C and Other Inbred Mouse Strains to Brugia Pahangi","volume":"40","author":"Howells","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1992675144","article-title":"Maturation of the Filaria Litomosoides Sigmodontis in BALB\/c Mice; Comparative Susceptibility of Nine Other Inbred Strains","volume":"67","author":"Petit","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Parasitol Hum Compar\u00e9e"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1998051037","article-title":"New Features on the Moults and Morphogenesis of the Human Filaria Loa Loa by Using Rodent Hosts. Consequences","volume":"5","author":"Bain","year":"1998","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/000349802125002220","article-title":"The Migration and Localization of Loa Loa Infective and Fourth-Stage Larvae in Normal and Immunosuppressed Rodents","volume":"96","author":"Wanji","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3921-x","article-title":"Comparison of Immune Responses to Loa Loa Stage-Specific Antigen Extracts in Loa Loa-Exposed BALB\/c Mice Upon Clearance of Infection","volume":"13","author":"Chunda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-43","article-title":"The Human Parasite Loa Loa in Cytokine and Cytokine Receptor Gene Knock Out BALB\/c Mice: Survival, Development and Localization","volume":"5","author":"Tendongfor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3282-x","article-title":"Effect of Flubendazole on Developing Stages of Loa Loa In Vitro and In Vivo: A New Approach for Screening Filaricidal Agents","volume":"12","author":"Fombad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09442-0","article-title":"Mouse Models of Loa Loa","volume":"10","author":"Pionnier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10675-2","article-title":"Inherent Biomechanical Traits Enable Infective Filariae to Disseminate Through Collecting Lymphatic Vessels","volume":"10","author":"Kilarski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003988","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003988","article-title":"Eosinophils Are Important for Protection, Immunoregulation and Pathology During Infection With Nematode Microfilariae","volume":"10","author":"Cadman","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1901244","article-title":"Eosinophil-Mediated Immune Control of Adult Filarial Nematode Infection Can Proceed in the Absence of IL-4 Receptor Signaling","volume":"205","author":"Pionnier","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B46","article-title":"The Chemotherapy of Filarial Infections","volume":"7","author":"Hawking","year":"1955","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev United States;"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0472-z","article-title":"A Murine Macrofilaricide Pre-Clinical Screening Model for Onchocerciasis and Lymphatic Filariasis","volume":"7","author":"Halliday","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006356","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006356","article-title":"Short-Course, Oral Flubendazole Does Not Mediate Significant Efficacy Against Onchocerca Adult Male Worms or Brugia Microfilariae in Murine Infection Models","volume":"13","author":"Sjoberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B49","first-page":"57","article-title":"A Semi-Automated System of Intrathoracic Injection for the Large-Scale Production of Onchocerca Lienalis Infective Larvae","volume":"40","author":"Bianco","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(90)90044-C","article-title":"Distribution of Microfilariae of Onchocerca Lienalis and Onchocerca Gutturosa in the Skin of Cattle in Germany and Their Development in Simulium Ornatum and Culicoides Nubeculosus Following Artificial Infestation","volume":"36","author":"Dohnal","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2008152111","article-title":"Infective Larvae of Five Onchocerca Species From Experimentally Infected Simulium Species in an Area of Zoonotic Onchocerciasis in Japan","volume":"15","author":"Fukuda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008415","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008415","article-title":"Generation of Loa Loa Infective Larvae by Experimental Infection of the Vector, Chrysops Silacea","volume":"14","author":"Ndzeshang","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2799-3","article-title":"Heterogeneity in the In Vitro Susceptibility of Loa Loa Microfilariae to Drugs Commonly Used in Parasitological Infections","volume":"11","author":"Njouendou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv065","article-title":"Targeting Filarial Abl-Like Kinases: Orally Available, Food and Drug Administration-Approved Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Are Microfilaricidal and Macrofilaricidal","volume":"212","author":"O\u2019Connell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaav3523","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aav3523","article-title":"Discovery of Short-Course Antiwolbachial Quinazolines for Elimination of Filarial Worm Infections","volume":"11","author":"Bakowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaau2086","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aau2086","article-title":"Preclinical Development of an Oral Anti-Wolbachia Macrolide Drug for the Treatment of Lymphatic Filariasis and Onchocerciasis","volume":"11","author":"Taylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0390","article-title":"Potential Role for Flubendazole in Limiting Filariasis Transmission: Observations of Microfilarial Sensitivity","volume":"98","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0573","article-title":"A Controlled Trial to Assess the Effect of Quinine, Chloroquine, Amodiaquine, and Artesunate on Loa Loa Microfilaremia","volume":"82","author":"Kamgno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008427","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008427","article-title":"Oxfendazole Mediates Macrofilaricidal Efficacy Against the Filarial Nematode Litomosoides Sigmodontis In Vivo and Inhibits Onchocerca Spec. Motility In Vitro","volume":"14","author":"H\u00fcbner","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01018-20","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Oxfendazole in Healthy Adults in an Open-Label Phase 1 Multiple Ascending Dose and Food Effect Study","volume":"64","author":"Bach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"B61","unstructured":"Oxfendazole | DNDi"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007026","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007026","article-title":"Preclinical Toxicity and Pharmacokinetics of a New Orally Bioavailable Flubendazole Formulation and the Impact for Clinical Trials and Risk\/Benefit to Patients","volume":"13","author":"Lachau-Durand","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0547","article-title":"Positivity of Antigen Tests Used for Diagnosis of Lymphatic Filariasis in Individuals Without Wuchereria Bancrofti Infection But With High Loa Loa Microfilaremia","volume":"95","author":"Pion","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1556-8","article-title":"Further Evidence of the Cross-Reactivity of the Binax NOW\u00ae Filariasis ICT Cards to non-Wuchereria Bancrofti Filariae: Experimental Studies With Loa Loa and Onchocerca Ochengi","volume":"9","author":"Wanji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006963","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006963","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of Loa Loa Antigens Responsible for Cross-Reactivity With Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Lymphatic Filariasis","volume":"12","author":"Hertz","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004","article-title":"Anti-Wolbachia Drugs for Filariasis","author":"Johnston","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3283385","article-title":"Survival and Development of Larval Onchocerca Volvulus in Diffusion Chambers Implanted in Primate and Rodent Hosts","volume":"79","author":"Abraham","year":"1993","journal-title":"Parasitol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1710845114","article-title":"Albendazole and Antibiotics Synergize to Deliver Short-Course Anti-Wolbachia Curative Treatments in Preclinical Models of Filariasis","volume":"114","author":"Turner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fitd.2021.778724\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T05:24:54Z","timestamp":1636349094000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fitd.2021.778724\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fitd.2021.778724"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fitd.2021.778724","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-7515"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-7515","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"article-number":"778724"}}