{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T19:00:00Z","timestamp":1785351600597,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Trop. Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Naegleria fowleri<\/jats:italic>, or the \u201cbrain-eating amoeba,\u201d is responsible for a rare, but lethal, infection known as primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Confirmed PAM cases have seen both a rise in numbers, as well as expansion of geographic range over the past several decades. There is no effective therapy for PAM and the clinical prognosis remains grim with a mortality rate over 95%. The role of the immune response in disease prevention and disease severity remains unclear. In this review, we explore potential roles of inflammatory immune responses to <jats:italic>N. fowleri<\/jats:italic> in disease pathogenesis with a primary focus on pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNF\u03b1. We also discuss modulating proinflammatory cytokines as an additional immune therapy in PAM treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2022.1082334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T06:11:01Z","timestamp":1674022261000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Pro-inflammatory cytokine responses to Naegleria fowleri infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Ching-wen","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. 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