{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T07:26:58Z","timestamp":1781249218285,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Trop. Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mouse models of human filarial infections are not only urgently needed to investigate the biology of the nematodes and their modulation of the host\u2019s immunity, but will also provide a platform to screen and test novel anti-filarial drugs. Recently, murine <jats:italic>Loa loa<\/jats:italic> infection models have been stablished using immunocompromised mouse strains, whereas murine <jats:italic>Mansonella perstans<\/jats:italic> infections have not been implemented until now.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Therefore, we aim to establish experimental <jats:italic>M. perstans<\/jats:italic> infections using the immunocompromised mouse strains RAG2IL-2R\u03b3<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup> (lack B, T and natural killer cells), IL-4R\u03b1\/IL-5<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup> (impaired IL-4\/5 signalling and eosinophil activation) and NOD.Cg-Prkdc<jats:sup>scid<\/jats:sup>Il2rg<jats:sup>tm1Wj<\/jats:sup> l\/SzJ (NOD scid gamma, NSG) BALB\/c mice (lack mature lymphocytes) through subcutaneous (s.c.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation of infective stage 3 larvae (L3) isolated from engorged vectors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 145 immunocompromised mice have been inoculated with 3,250 <jats:italic>M. perstans<\/jats:italic>, 3,337 <jats:italic><jats:italic><jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>, and 2,720 <jats:italic>Loa loa<\/jats:italic> L3 to comparatively analyse which immunocompromised mouse strain is susceptible to human filarial infections. Whereas, no <jats:italic>M. perstans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic><jats:italic><jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> L3 could be recovered upon 2-63 days post-inoculation, a 62-66% <jats:italic>Loa loa<\/jats:italic> L3 recovery rate could be achieved in the different mouse strains. Gender of mice, type of inoculation (s.c. or i.p.) or time point of analysis (2-63 days post inoculation) did not interfere with the success of L3 recovery. In addition, administration of the immune suppressants hydrocortisone, prednisolone and cyclophosphamide did not restore <jats:italic>M. perstans<\/jats:italic> L3 recovery rates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings show that RAG2IL-2Rg<jats:sup><jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup><\/jats:sup>BALB\/c and C57BL\/6, IL-4R\u03b1\/IL-5<jats:sup><jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup><\/jats:sup> BALB\/c and NSG mice were not susceptible to <jats:italic>M. perstans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic><jats:italic><jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> L3 inoculation using the applied methods, whereas <jats:italic>Loa loa<\/jats:italic> infection could be maintained. Further studies should investigate if humanized immunocompromised mice might be susceptible to <jats:italic>M. perstans<\/jats:italic>. and <jats:italic><jats:italic><jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2024.1293632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T05:10:14Z","timestamp":1713157814000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparative development of human filariae Loa loa, Onchocerca volvulus and Mansonella perstans in immunocompromised mouse strains"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Valerine C.","family":"Chunda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanny Fri","family":"Fombad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi 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