{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T15:43:18Z","timestamp":1775490198169,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Trop. Dis."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Mansonella perstans<\/jats:italic> is transmitted by <jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic> species and affects hundred millions of inhabitants in about 33 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. It is known that Mansonellosis due to <jats:italic>Mansonella perstans<\/jats:italic> do not result in a clear clinical picture, but down-regulates the immunity of patients predisposing them to other diseases like tuberculosis, HIV and malaria or damping vaccine efficacy. However, research about novel drugs against this filarial nematode is missing because of the lack of parasite material. Previous studies have developed <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> culture systems using infective stage 3 larvae (L3), but these life stages are difficult to obtain and thus the performance of <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> cultures is restricted and does not allow large-scale testing of drugs or even infection experiments in animal models. Therefore, we aim to establish a platform for the large-scale production of <jats:italic>M. perstans<\/jats:italic> infective larvae from engorged <jats:italic>Culicoides milnei.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic> species were caught in Yangom (Yabassi Health District) in the Littoral Region of Cameroon following a blood meal on six microfilariae-positive donors with different microfilaraemic loads over one year. Engorged midges were reared in the insectarium for up to 14 days and L3 were isolated from the different body parts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Result<\/jats:title><jats:p>In summary, 13,658 engorged <jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic> were collected and reared in the laboratory. We observed an overall predicted survival of 78.5%. Out of the 8,123 survived midges, 7,086 midges belong to <jats:italic>C. milnei<\/jats:italic>, from which 2,335 were infected leading to a recovery of 6,310 L3. Moreover, we found the highest survival rates of midges during the early dry season in December with moderate temperatures (23-25\u00b0C) and low (2-4mm) or no rainfall. In addition, we observed that midges that fed on donors with high microfilarial loads showed increased mortality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We revealed suitable conditions for the collection and maintenance of engorged <jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic> midges allowing the large-scale production of <jats:italic>M. perstans<\/jats:italic> L3. This procedure will provide a platform to produce sufficient parasite material that will facilitate <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> cultures and the establishment of a murine model of <jats:italic>M. perstans<\/jats:italic>, which is important for in-depth investigation of the filarial biology and screening of novel drugs that are effective against this ivermectin-resistant nematode.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2024.1391823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T06:35:02Z","timestamp":1733812502000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Large-scale production of Mansonella perstans infective larvae from engorged Culicoides milnei"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Chi 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