{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T16:28:05Z","timestamp":1770136085724,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Lang. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigates sentence comprehension in Mandarin-English bilinguals, focusing on whether the widely reported, yet contested, subject-relative processing advantage extends to bilingual speakers. We evaluate which theoretical accounts, based on syntactic structure and canonicity, best explain cross-linguistic patterns of sentence processing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using a sentence-picture matching task, we examined the comprehension of canonical (e.g., actives) and non-canonical (e.g., passives) sentence structures in English and Mandarin for bilingual speakers of varying ages and Mandarin and English proficiency levels across two separate studies (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 18 and\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 35).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In English, bilingual participants exhibited a robust canonical sentence advantage across studies, with better comprehension of subject-relative over object-relative sentences and active over passive sentences, mirroring monolingual processing patterns. However, in Mandarin, comprehension patterns were less robust and more variable. While subject-relative and object-relative comprehension did not significantly differ at the group level, passive vs. active sentences consistently posed greater difficulty and increased performance variability across both studies, particularly among lower-performing individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results suggest that sentence comprehension is shaped by language-specific constraints rather than a universal subject-relative advantage. Findings align with unified theoretical accounts that incorporate canonicity-based and structural factors, including word order, syntactic structure, and experience-, usage-, and frequency-based influences. Our results highlight the complex interplay between the aforementioned factors that differ across languages, with implications for both theoretical linguistics and clinical applications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/flang.2025.1703230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T05:22:31Z","timestamp":1770096151000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spoken sentence comprehension in Mandarin-English bilinguals: a case against the universal processing advantage of subject-relatives"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Preeti","family":"Rishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Doctoral Program in Language and Communicative Disorders, San Diego State University\/University of California San Diego","place":["San Diego, CA, United States"]},{"name":"School of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, San Diego State University","place":["San Diego, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Doctoral Program in Language and Communicative Disorders, San Diego State University\/University of California San Diego","place":["San Diego, CA, United States"]},{"name":"School of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, San Diego State University","place":["San Diego, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Love","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Doctoral Program in Language and Communicative Disorders, San Diego State University\/University of California San Diego","place":["San Diego, CA, United States"]},{"name":"School of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, San Diego State University","place":["San Diego, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrike K.","family":"Blumenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Doctoral Program in Language and Communicative Disorders, San Diego State University\/University of California San Diego","place":["San Diego, CA, United States"]},{"name":"School of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, San Diego State University","place":["San Diego, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00898","article-title":"\u201cThe role of cognitive control in monolingual and bilingual spoken sentence comprehension,\u201d","author":"Akhavan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology, Research Topic on Bilingual and Multilingual Spoken-Word Recognition"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2007.12.005","article-title":"Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items","volume":"59","author":"Baayen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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