{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T09:36:25Z","timestamp":1771493785476,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mar. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monitoring water systems under extreme conditions or in remote areas poses a risk to scientists and staff involved, and can also result in disturbances to the local flora and fauna. In order to overcome these limitations, new techniques are being developed with the aim to gain more insight into how geochemical pathways of trace elements regulate the functioning of the ocean. Here, we present the first trace metals and inorganic nutrients concentrations measured in dissolved (&amp;lt;0.22 \u00b5m) surface water samples collected in the Antarctic by using an Automatic Water Autosampler (AWA) system onboard an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The AWA system has been used to chemically quantify the composition of the water masses (lake and coastal water) of Deception Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica), with, for example, Pb values ranging from 0.01 to 0.25 nM in seawater and 1.20 to 2.11 nM in lake water. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the AWA system in environmental studies that require the sampling of trace metals and nutrients without sample contamination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.879953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T08:50:30Z","timestamp":1652172630000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Novel Automatic Water Autosampler Operated From UAVs for Determining Dissolved Trace Elements"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Erica","family":"Sparaventi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Araceli","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Tovar-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1890\/120150","article-title":"Lightweight Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Will Revolutionize Spatial Ecology","volume":"11","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"B2","article-title":"Management Plan for Antarctic Specially Protected Area No 140 Parts of Deception Island, South Shetland Islands","year":"2017"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.10.132","article-title":"Multicopter Platform Prototype for Environmental Monitoring","volume":"155","author":"Anweiler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-018-2338-x","article-title":"Influence of Summer Conditions on Surface Water Properties and Phytoplankton Productivity in Embayments of the South Shetland Islands","volume":"41","author":"Aracena","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pol. Biol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2014.59.2.0385","article-title":"Dissolved Cadmium in the Southern Ocean: Distribution, Speciation, and Relation to Phosphate","volume":"59","author":"Baars","year":"2014","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanog."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(01)83754-5","article-title":"Sampling and Analytical Methods for the Determination of Copper, Cadmium, Zinc, and Nickel at the Nanogram Per Liter Level in Sea Water","volume":"105","author":"Bruland","year":"1979","journal-title":"Analytic. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s10230-020-00673-y","article-title":"A Validated Method for Pit Lake Water Sampling Using Aerial Drones and Sampling Devices","volume":"39","author":"Castendyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Min. Water Environ."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954102098000558","article-title":"Evidence for Shallowing and Uplift From Bathymetric Records of Deception Island, Antarctica","volume":"10","author":"Cooper","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antarctic. Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2010.10.041","article-title":"The Distribution of Dissolved Zinc in the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean. Deep Sea Research Part Ii","volume":"58","author":"Croot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Top. Stud. Oceanog."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25607\/OBP-2","article-title":"Sampling and Sample-handling Protocols for GEOTRACES Cruises, Version 3.0","author":"Cutter","year":"2017"},{"key":"B11","unstructured":"2005"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466046615000174","article-title":"Environmental Reviews and Case Studies: Bringing Unmanned Aerial Systems Closer to the Environment","volume":"17","author":"Detweiler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Pract."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M1","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-3227(72)90066-7","article-title":"Effects of Volcanism on Water Chemistry, Deception Island Antarctica","volume":"13","author":"Elderfield","year":"1972","journal-title":"Mar. Geolog."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00035","article-title":"Developing Autonomous Observing Systems for Micronutrient Trace Metals","volume":"6","author":"Grand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-526X(96)80004-3","article-title":"Methods of Seawater Analysis","author":"Grasshoff","year":"1996"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4203(01)00063-9","article-title":"Temporal Distribution of Trace Metals in Antarctic Coastal Waters","volume":"76","author":"Grotti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2017.04.010","article-title":"The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Imagery in Intertidal Monitoring. Deep-Sea Research Part Ii","volume":"147","author":"Konar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Top. Stud. Oceanog."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/drones4030035","article-title":"Temperature Profiling of Waterbodies With a Uav-Integrated Sensor Subsystem","volume":"4","author":"Koparan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drones"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.252","article-title":"Can Drones be Used to Conduct Water Sampling in Aquatic Environments? A Review","volume":"670","author":"Lally","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.2138\/gselements.14.6.377","article-title":"Geotraces: The Marine Biogeochemical Cycle of Trace Elements and Their Isotopes","volume":"14","author":"Lam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elements"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-016-5406-y","article-title":"Hydrological Systems From the Antarctic Peninsula Under Climate Change: James Ross Archipelago as Study Case","volume":"75","author":"Lecomte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2138\/gselements.14.6.385","article-title":"Oceanic Micronutrients: Trace Metals That are Essential for Marine Life","volume":"14","author":"Lohan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elements"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-012-1230-3","article-title":"First Direct, Site-Wide Penguin Survey at Deception Island, Antarctica, Suggests Significant Declines in Breeding Chinstrap Penguins","volume":"35","author":"Naveen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pol. Biol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/15275922.2020.1771629","article-title":"A Review of Marine Water Sampling Methods for Trace Metals","volume":"21","author":"Noble","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Forensic."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.21591","article-title":"Autonomous Aerial Water Sampling","volume":"32","author":"Ore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wiley. Periodic. Inc."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/min10080663","article-title":"Applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Mining From Exploration to Reclamation: A Review","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4203(01)00084-6","article-title":"Trace Metal Distributions Off the Antarctic Peninsula in the Weddell Sea","volume":"77","author":"Sa\u00f1udo-Wilhelmy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"72","article-title":"Remote Water Sampling Using Flying Robots","author":"Schwarzbach","year":"2014"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131423","article-title":"Trace Elements in Antarctic Penguins and the Potential Role of Guano as Source of Recycled Metals in the Southern Ocean","volume":"285","author":"Sparaventi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-381373-2.00017-X","article-title":"Sampling Approaches for Trace Element Determination in Seawater","volume":"1","author":"Tovar-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr. Sampl. Sampl. Prep."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/S41598-021-01228-Z","article-title":"Applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Antarctic Environmental Research","volume":"11","author":"Tovar-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B32","first-page":"37","article-title":"Method 1669: Sampling Ambient Water for Trace Metals at EPA Water Quality Criteria Levels","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Prot."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2016.01.030","article-title":"A Low-Cost Drone Based Application for Identifying and Mapping of Coastal Fish Nursery Grounds","volume":"171","author":"Ventura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Estua. Coast. Shelf. Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.04.005","article-title":"Element Variability in Lacustrine Systems of Terra Nova Bay (Antarctica) and Concentration Evolution in Surface Waters","volume":"180","author":"Zelano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Marine Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2022.879953\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T08:50:39Z","timestamp":1652172639000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2022.879953\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmars.2022.879953"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmars.2022.879953","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-7745"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-7745","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"article-number":"879953"}}