{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T02:54:46Z","timestamp":1791255286523,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2014.00003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,26]],"date-time":"2014-03-26T06:14:34Z","timestamp":1395814474000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["New Strategies for Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Ole Haagen","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.10.001","article-title":"Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review","volume":"142","author":"Molodecky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0804647","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"361","author":"Abraham","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3080","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2289-y","article-title":"Direct health care insurer and out-of-pocket expenditures of inflammatory bowel disease: evidence from a US national survey","volume":"57","author":"Gunnarsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6641","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.6641","article-title":"How expensive is inflammatory bowel disease? A critical analysis","volume":"14","author":"Odes","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.09.026","article-title":"Trends in overall and cause-specific mortality among patients with inflammatory bowel disease from 1982 to 2010","volume":"11","author":"Jess","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2009.12.002","article-title":"The second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s disease: current management","volume":"4","author":"Dignass","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.727","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis practice guidelines in adults: American college of gastroenterology, practice parameters committee","volume":"105","author":"Kornbluth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60026-9","article-title":"Crohn\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s disease","volume":"380","author":"Baumgart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1102942","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis","volume":"365","author":"Danese","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-300904","article-title":"New therapies for inflammatory bowel disease: from the bench to the bedside","volume":"61","author":"Danese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMct1209614","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"369","author":"Nielsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-305279","article-title":"Individualised therapy is more cost-effective than dose intensification in patients with Crohn\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s disease who lose response to anti-TNF treatment: a randomised, controlled trial","author":"Steenholdt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0904492","article-title":"Infliximab, azathioprine, or combination therapy for Crohn\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s disease","volume":"362","author":"Colombel","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.10.052","article-title":"Combination therapy with infliximab and azathioprine is superior to monotherapy with either agent in ulcerative colitis","volume":"146","author":"Panccione","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04027.x","article-title":"Clinical trial: benefits and risks of immunomodulators and maintenance infliximab for IBD-subgroup analyses across four randomized trials","volume":"30","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1159\/000342742","article-title":"The future of inflammatory bowel disease therapy: where do we go from here?","volume":"30","author":"Sandborn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1312800","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"369","author":"Coskun","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-305607","article-title":"Changes in medical treatment and surgery rates in inflammatory bowel disease: a nationwide cohort study 1979-2011","author":"Rungoe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303376","article-title":"Healthcare costs of inflammatory bowel disease have shifted from hospitalisation and surgery towards anti-TNFalpha therapy: results from the COIN study","volume":"63","author":"van der Valk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.09.034","article-title":"Maintenance of remission among patients with Crohn\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s disease on antimetabolite therapy after infliximab therapy is stopped","volume":"142","author":"Louis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.06.061","article-title":"Colectomy rate comparison after treatment of ulcerative colitis with placebo or infliximab","volume":"137","author":"Sandborn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21118","article-title":"Small bowel resection rates in Crohn\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s disease and the indication for surgery over time: experience from a large tertiary care center","volume":"16","author":"Lazarev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.01.004","article-title":"Risk of lymphoma associated with combination anti-tumor necrosis factor and immunomodulator therapy for the treatment of Crohn\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Siegel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.01.012","article-title":"Risk factors for opportunistic infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"134","author":"Toruner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60863-6","article-title":"Early combined immunosuppression or conventional management in patients with newly diagnosed Crohn\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s disease: an open randomised trial","volume":"371","author":"D\u00e2\u20ac\u2122Haens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.11.015","article-title":"Association of antibody responses to microbial antigens and complications of small bowel Crohn\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s disease","volume":"126","author":"Mow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.47.4.487","article-title":"Marker antibody expression stratifies Crohn\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s disease into immunologically homogeneous subgroups with distinct clinical characteristics","volume":"47","author":"Vasiliauskas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i1.64","article-title":"Inflammatory pathways of importance for management of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"20","author":"Pedersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.170.3.827","article-title":"Identification and purification of natural killer cell stimulatory factor (NKSF), a cytokine with multiple biologic effects on human lymphocytes","volume":"170","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1203572","article-title":"Ustekinumab induction and maintenance therapy in refractory Crohn\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s disease","volume":"367","author":"Sandborn","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043335","article-title":"Natalizumab induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s disease","volume":"353","author":"Sandborn","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.03.024","article-title":"Natalizumab for the treatment of active Crohn\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s disease: results of the ENCORE Trial","volume":"132","author":"Targan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1107829","article-title":"Risk of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"366","author":"Bloomgren","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.141","article-title":"Anti-adhesion therapies and the rule of 3 for rare events","volume":"108","author":"Govani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215734","article-title":"Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis","volume":"369","author":"Feagan","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215739","article-title":"Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s disease","volume":"369","author":"Sandborn","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301769","article-title":"A randomised phase I study of etrolizumab (rhuMAb beta7) in moderate to severe ulcerative colitis","volume":"62","author":"Rutgeerts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.226548","article-title":"The mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule antibody PF-00547,659 in ulcerative colitis: a randomised study","volume":"60","author":"Vermeire","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1016\/S1873-9946(14)60008-8","article-title":"Anti-MAdCAM monoclonal antibody PF-005476659 does not affect immune surveillance in the central nervous system of anti-TNF and immunesuppressant experienced Crohn\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s disease patients who are anti-TNF inadequate responders: results from the TOSCA study","volume":"8","author":"D\u00e2\u20ac\u2122Haens","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/366129a0","article-title":"The protein tyrosine kinase JAK1 complements defects in interferon-alpha\/beta and -gamma signal transduction","volume":"366","author":"M\u00c3\u00bcller","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1112168","article-title":"Tofacitinib, an oral Janus kinase inhibitor, in active ulcerative colitis","volume":"367","author":"Sandborn","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.2174\/13894501113149990160","article-title":"Janus kinase inhibition with tofacitinib: changing the face of inflammatory bowel disease treatment","volume":"14","author":"Vuitton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2013.06.007","article-title":"Involvement of JAK\/STAT signaling in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"76","author":"Coskun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00754.x","article-title":"Janus kinases in immune cell signaling","volume":"228","author":"Ghoreschi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.01.029","article-title":"Randomized study of CP-690,550, an oral Janus kinase inhibitor, in active Crohn\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s disease","volume":"140","author":"Sandborn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3303","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12053303","article-title":"Nanomedicine: application areas and development prospects","volume":"12","author":"Boulaiz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-2747rev","article-title":"Nanomedicine: current status and future prospects","volume":"19","author":"Moghimi","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2012.730517","article-title":"Oral colon-specific therapeutic approaches toward treatment of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"9","author":"Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i23.2895","article-title":"Potential prospects of nanomedicine for targeted therapeutics in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"18","author":"Pichai","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.09.062","article-title":"Functional TNFalpha gene silencing mediated by polyethyleneimine\/TNFalpha siRNA nanocomplexes in inflamed colon","volume":"32","author":"Laroui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2859","article-title":"Orally delivered thioketal nanoparticles loaded with TNF-alpha-siRNA target inflammation and inhibit gene expression in the intestines","volume":"9","author":"Wilson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Mater"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1515\/ejnm-2013-0004","article-title":"Nanomedicines for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"5","author":"Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Nanomed"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,18]],"date-time":"2015-02-18T14:20:38Z","timestamp":1424269238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fmed.2014.00003\/abstract"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,24]]},"references-count":52,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2014.00003","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,24]]}}}