{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T13:13:29Z","timestamp":1790860409215,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,19]],"date-time":"2018-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537315200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["106158\/Z\/14\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106158\/Z\/14\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["100087\/Z\/12\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100087\/Z\/12\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001275","name":"Oak Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OCAY-15-547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCAY-15-547"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,19]],"date-time":"2018-09-19T02:11:55Z","timestamp":1537323115000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Changing Antimicrobial Resistance Trends in Kathmandu, Nepal: A 23-Year Retrospective Analysis of Bacteraemia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Rapha\u00ebl M.","family":"Zellweger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Buddha","family":"Basnyat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poojan","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishna G.","family":"Prajapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabina","family":"Dongol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paban K.","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Koirala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas C.","family":"Darton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Boinett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinne N.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy E.","family":"Thwaites","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhilasha","family":"Karkey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0127962","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127962","article-title":"Etiology of severe febrile illness in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Prasad","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.10.016","article-title":"Prevalence and epidemiology of microbial pathogens causing bloodstream infections: results of the OASIS multicenter study","volume":"69","author":"Luzzaro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70028-2","article-title":"Community-acquired bacterial bloodstream infections in developing countries in south and southeast Asia: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Deen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03262.x","article-title":"Trends among pathogens reported as causing bacteraemia in England, 2004-2008","volume":"17","author":"Wilson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(09)70557-6","article-title":"Microbiological patterns in sepsis: what happened in the last 20 years?","volume":"34","author":"Murdoch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(09)70556-4","article-title":"Bloodstream infections: the problem and the challenge","volume":"34","author":"Karchmer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2011.06.016","article-title":"An observational study on bloodstream extended-spectrum beta-lactamase infection in critical care unit: incidence, risk factors and its impact on outcome","volume":"23","author":"Nasa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.03.012","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in gram-positive bacteria","volume":"119","author":"Rice","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2016.08.003","article-title":"Appropriate Antibiotic Therapy","volume":"35","author":"Allison","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3993","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2016.1152251","article-title":"Bacteriological spectrum and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of neonatal septicaemia in a tertiary care hospital of North India","volume":"29","author":"Lamba","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Matern Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452648","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/452648","article-title":"Childhood septicaemia in Nepal: documenting the bacterial etiology and its susceptibility to antibiotics","volume":"2014","author":"Ansari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.670","article-title":"The etiology of febrile illness in adults presenting to Patan hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal","volume":"70","author":"Murdoch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.10.003","article-title":"Emerging trends in enteric fever in Nepal: 9124 cases confirmed by blood culture 1993-2003","volume":"102","author":"Maskey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2391","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002391","article-title":"Differential epidemiology of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A in Kathmandu, Nepal: a matched case control investigation in a highly endemic enteric fever setting","volume":"7","author":"Karkey","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.03.102","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and management of invasive Salmonella disease","volume":"33","author":"Kariuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"B17","volume-title":"Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-Fourth Informational Supplement, CLSI document M100-S24","year":"2014"},{"key":"B18","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.","author":"Team","year":"2012"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70072-4","article-title":"Community-acquired bloodstream infections in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Reddy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2291-2","article-title":"Burden of bloodstream infection in an area of Mid-Norway 2002-2013: a prospective population-based observational study","volume":"17","author":"Mehl","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-016-0162-z","article-title":"Bacterial etiology of bloodstream infections and antimicrobial resistance in Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2005\u20132014","volume":"6","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2013\/4752.2871","article-title":"The aetiology of the bloodstream infections in the patients who presented to a tertiary care teaching hospital in kathmandu, Nepal","volume":"7","author":"Pandey","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(09)70561-8","article-title":"Gram-negative bloodstream infections","volume":"34","author":"Stryjewski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70022-2","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus disease and drug resistance in resource-limited countries in south and east Asia","volume":"9","author":"Nickerson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-017-0177-0","article-title":"Risk factors for relapse or persistence of bacteraemia caused by Enterobacter spp.: a case-control study","volume":"6","author":"Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0173290","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173290","article-title":"Antimicrobial use in pediatric patients in a teaching hospital in Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"Kebede","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00646","article-title":"Marked increase in incidence for bloodstream infections due to Escherichia coli, a side effect of previous antibiotic therapy in the elderly","volume":"6","author":"van der Mee-Marquet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03277.x","article-title":"Temporal trends in Enterobacter species bloodstream infection: a population-based study from 1998\u20132007","volume":"17","author":"Al-Hasan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.10.155","article-title":"Future challenges and treatment of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia with emphasis on MRSA","volume":"6","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201404767","article-title":"A high-resolution genomic analysis of multidrug-resistant hospital outbreaks of Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"7","author":"Chung The","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fmed.2018.00262\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,19]],"date-time":"2018-09-19T02:11:59Z","timestamp":1537323119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fmed.2018.00262\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,19]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2018.00262"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2018.00262","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,19]]},"article-number":"262"}}