{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:58:07Z","timestamp":1790366287209,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]],"date-time":"2019-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003995","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003995","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]],"date-time":"2019-11-19T04:45:17Z","timestamp":1574138717000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The Neurotropic Parasite Toxoplasma gondii Induces Astrocyte Polarization Through NF\u03baB Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"El-Ashram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaming","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jilong","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongsheng","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005447","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005447","article-title":"Neurons are the primary target cell for the brain-tropic intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"12","author":"Cabral","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2015.09.011","article-title":"Immunoproteomic technology offers an extraordinary diagnostic approach for Toxoplasma gondii infection","volume":"119","author":"El-Ashram","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.014183","article-title":"Chronic murine toxoplasmosis is defined by subtle changes in neuronal connectivity","volume":"7","author":"Parlog","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01428","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01428-15","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infections alter GABAergic synapses and signaling in the central nervous system","volume":"6","author":"Brooks","year":"2015","journal-title":"MBio."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005643","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005643","article-title":"GLT-1-dependent disruption of CNS glutamate homeostasis and neuronal function by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"12","author":"David","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.01.007","article-title":"How and why Toxoplasma makes us crazy","volume":"29","author":"Flegr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs043","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii and other risk factors for schizophrenia: an update","volume":"38","author":"Torrey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1254-6","article-title":"Toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS-patients before and after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)","volume":"30","author":"Kiderlen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7889","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.12.7889-7893.2001","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection of neurons induces neuronal cytokine and chemokine production, but gamma interferon- and tumor necrosis factor-stimulated neurons fail to inhibit the invasion and growth of T. gondii","volume":"69","author":"Schluter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2016.03.012","article-title":"Use of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons as a model for Cerebral Toxoplasmosis","volume":"18","author":"Tanaka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-372","article-title":"Activated microglia contribute to neuronal apoptosis in Toxoplasmic encephalitis","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.03.076","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii inhibits differentiation of C17.2 neural stem cells through Wnt\/beta-catenin signaling pathway","volume":"473","author":"Gan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0670-3","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii prevalent in China induce weaker apoptosis of neural stem cells C17.2 via endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) signaling pathways","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3484","article-title":"Emerging roles of astrocytes in neural circuit development","volume":"14","author":"Clarke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12776","article-title":"Astrocytes mediate synapse elimination through MEGF10 and MERTK pathways","volume":"504","author":"Chung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.08.029","article-title":"SnapShot: astrocytes in health and disease","volume":"162","author":"Liddelow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0619-8","article-title":"Astrocytes: biology and pathology","volume":"119","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","article-title":"Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia","volume":"541","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1896","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800165115","article-title":"Normal aging induces A1-like astrocyte reactivity","volume":"115","author":"Clarke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.06.013","article-title":"Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from cats in different geographic regions of China","volume":"183","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00259","article-title":"Behavior of neutrophil granulocytes during Toxoplasma gondii infection in the central nervous system","volume":"7","author":"Biswas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9792","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.082305","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory compounds parthenolide and Bay 11-7082 are direct inhibitors of the inflammasome","volume":"285","author":"Juliana","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2017.05.007","article-title":"Early and late gene expression profiles of the ovine mucosa in response to Haemonchus contortus infection employing Illumina RNA-seq technology","volume":"66","author":"El-Ashram","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol Int."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.02.042","article-title":"An ex vivo abomasal ovine model to study the immediate immune response in the context of Haemonchus contortus larval-stage","volume":"254","author":"El-Ashram","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s10142-018-0589-9","article-title":"An ex vivo ruminal ovine model to study the immediate immune response in the context of bacterial lipopolysaccharide","volume":"18","author":"Abouhajer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Funct Integr Genomics."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002825","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002825","article-title":"Toxoplasma co-opts host cells it does not invade","volume":"8","author":"Koshy","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-019-02721-8","article-title":"Inflammation in traumatic brain injury: roles for toxic A1 astrocytes and microglial-astrocytic crosstalk","volume":"44","author":"Clark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0735-1","article-title":"Complement 3(+)-astrocytes are highly abundant in prion diseases, but their abolishment led to an accelerated disease course and early dysregulation of microglia","volume":"7","author":"Hartmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI41911","article-title":"Trafficking of immune cells in the central nervous system","volume":"120","author":"Wilson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.04.009","article-title":"Cerebral complement C1q activation in chronic Toxoplasma infection","volume":"58","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1159\/000494652","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes reduce A1 astrocytes via downregulation of phosphorylated NFkappaB P65 subunit in spinal cord injury","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.113.114421","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 11-initiated innate immune response in male mouse germ cells","volume":"90","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol Reprod."},{"key":"B33","first-page":"1129","article-title":"Culture supernatant of Toxoplasma gondii inhibits the proliferation of human acute monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1","volume":"31","author":"Ge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Basic Clin Med."},{"key":"B34","first-page":"200","article-title":"Differential expression profiling of A549 cells induced by toxoplasma polymorphism effector ROP16","volume":"34","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin J Zoonoses."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00299","type":"corrigendum","label":"Corrigendum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576800000000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fmed.2019.00267\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T14:11:43Z","timestamp":1576851103000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fmed.2019.00267\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2019.00267"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2019.00267","relation":{"corrigendum":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00299","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]]},"article-number":"267"}}