{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:49:43Z","timestamp":1790704183358,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK108959"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK108959"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1I01BX003031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1I01BX003031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T04:47:01Z","timestamp":1580273221000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Bile Acid Receptor Therapeutics Effects on Chronic Liver Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Vik","family":"Meadows","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debjyoti","family":"Kundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Alpini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20823","article-title":"The biliary cycle of Moritz Schiff","volume":"42","author":"Reuben","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-008-7568-6","article-title":"Bile acids: chemistry, pathochemistry, biology, pathobiology, and therapeutics","volume":"65","author":"Hofmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R900010-JLR200","article-title":"Bile acids: regulation of synthesis","volume":"50","author":"Chiang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c120023","article-title":"Bile acid metabolism and signaling","volume":"3","author":"Chiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compr Physiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R049437","article-title":"Key discoveries in bile acid chemistry and biology and their clinical applications: history of the last eight decades","volume":"55","author":"Hofmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.07.060","article-title":"Contemporary epidemiology of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis","author":"Moon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S113052","article-title":"New developments in the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis - role of obeticholic acid","volume":"13","author":"Jhaveri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161712","article-title":"The enzymes, regulation, and genetics of bile acid synthesis","volume":"72","author":"Russell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-018-0774-9","article-title":"Detection technologies and metabolic profiling of bile acids: a comprehensive review","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.03.013","article-title":"Pleiotropic roles of bile acids in metabolism","volume":"17","author":"de Aguiar Vallim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16S","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01536657","article-title":"Current concepts of biliary secretion","volume":"34","author":"Hofmann","year":"1989","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22969","article-title":"Activation of the cholehepatic shunt as a potential therapy for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"49","author":"Glaser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20943","article-title":"Novel biotransformation and physiological properties of norursodeoxycholic acid in humans","volume":"42","author":"Hofmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20653","article-title":"Secretin activation of the apical Na+-dependent bile acid transporter is associated with cholehepatic shunting in rats","volume":"41","author":"Alpini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1007\/s00232-014-9715-3","article-title":"The mechanism of enterohepatic circulation in the formation of gallstone disease","volume":"247","author":"Cai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Membr Biol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.12449.1","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding bile acid homeostasis","volume":"6","author":"Chiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2003.11.006","article-title":"Regulation of bile acid synthesis: pathways, nuclear receptors, and mechanisms","volume":"40","author":"Chiang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.3762\/bjoc.14.33","article-title":"Latest development in the synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA): a critical review","volume":"14","author":"Tonin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Beilstein J Org Chem"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2018.10.003","article-title":"Bile acid 7\u03b1-dehydroxylating gut bacteria secrete antibiotics that inhibit clostridium difficile: role of secondary bile acids","volume":"26","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Chem Biol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1900073","article-title":"Regulation of bile acid metabolism-related signaling pathways by gut microbiota in diseases","volume":"20","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ Sci B"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2014.04.016","article-title":"Bile acids are nutrient signaling hormones","volume":"86","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1159\/000450987","article-title":"Roles of Ileal ASBT and OSTalpha-OSTbeta in regulating bile acid signaling","volume":"35","author":"Dawson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G31","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00536.2002","article-title":"Bile acids activate EGF receptor via a TGF-alpha-dependent mechanism in human cholangiocyte cell lines","volume":"285","author":"Werneburg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2017.08.021","article-title":"Bile acid receptors in the biliary tree: TGR5 in physiology and disease","volume":"1864","author":"Deutschmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2017.08.016","article-title":"Differential effects of FXR or TGR5 activation in cholangiocarcinoma progression","volume":"1864","author":"Erice","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34606","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.5314","article-title":"FXR induces SOCS3 and suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"6","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22519","article-title":"Farnesoid X receptor antagonizes nuclear factor kappaB in hepatic inflammatory response","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.117.111047","article-title":"Effects of farnesoid X receptor activation on arachidonic acid metabolism, NF-kB signaling, and hepatic inflammation","volume":"94","author":"Gai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2017.11.002","article-title":"Role of bile acids in metabolic control","volume":"29","author":"Molinaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3553","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i22.3553","article-title":"Bile acid interactions with cholangiocytes","volume":"12","author":"Xia","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl18265","article-title":"Bile acid transporters are expressed and heterogeneously distributed in rat bile ducts","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000057","article-title":"Bile acids and the gut microbiome","volume":"30","author":"Ridlon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livres.2017.12.002","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis: a review and update","volume":"1","author":"Tabibian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Liver Res"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2147\/CEG.S186097","article-title":"A pilot study of fecal bile acid and microbiota profiles in inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"12","author":"Vaughn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11088","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2013018-29445-z","article-title":"Discovery of glycocholic acid and taurochenodeoxycholic acid as phenotypic biomarkers in cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-018-0101-0","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholate inhibits mast cell activation and reverses biliary injury and fibrosis in Mdr2(-\/-) mice and human primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"98","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27927","article-title":"Absence of the intestinal microbiota exacerbates hepatobiliary disease in a murine model of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"63","author":"Tabibian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0178580","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178580","article-title":"Circulating FGF19 closely correlates with bile acid synthesis and cholestasis in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2011.10.025","article-title":"Metabolomic profiling of 17 bile acids in serum from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis: a pilot study","volume":"44","author":"Trottier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2147\/HMER.S91709","article-title":"Obeticholic acid for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis in adult patients: clinical utility and patient selection","volume":"8","author":"Bowlus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepat Med"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2017.06.020","article-title":"Primary biliary cholangitis: old and novel therapy","volume":"47","author":"Floreani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2018.1424538","article-title":"New therapies target the toxic consequences of cholestatic liver disease","volume":"12","author":"P.Jansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00699.x","article-title":"Prognosis of ursodeoxycholic acid-treated patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. results of a 10-yr cohort study involving 297 patients","volume":"101","author":"ter Borg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1586\/17512433.2015.1092381","article-title":"Obeticholic acid for the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"9","author":"Trivedi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2848","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14705","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid accelerates bile acid enterohepatic circulation","volume":"176","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9039","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i41.9039","article-title":"Emerging role of obeticholic acid in the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"22","author":"Makri","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v9.i16.715","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an expanded review","volume":"9","author":"Benedict","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3318","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3776-8","article-title":"Altered bile acid metabolome in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"60","author":"Ferslew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0151829","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151829","article-title":"Bile acids and dysbiosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"11","author":"Mouzaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s40495-017-0085-2","article-title":"Role of FXR in liver inflammation during nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"3","author":"Armstrong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Pharmacol Rep"},{"key":"B51","first-page":"81","article-title":"Serum unconjugated primary and secondary bile acids in patients with cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"73","author":"Changbumrung","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0193824","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193824","article-title":"Assessment of serum bile acid profiles as biomarkers of liver injury and liver disease in humans","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.111.179390","article-title":"Increased activation of the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway in spontaneous hepatocellular carcinoma observed in farnesoid X receptor knockout mice","volume":"338","author":"Wolfe","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2011\u20131383","article-title":"Hepatocarcinogenesis in FXR-\/- mice mimics human HCC progression that operates through HNF1\u03b1 regulation of FXR expression","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309458","article-title":"TGR5 is essential for bile acid-dependent cholangiocyte proliferation in vivo and in vitro","volume":"65","author":"Reich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G1013","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00383.2012","article-title":"Ciliary subcellular localization of TGR5 determines the cholangiocyte functional response to bile acid signaling","volume":"304","author":"Masyuk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27085","article-title":"Conjugated bile acids promote cholangiocarcinoma cell invasive growth through activation of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2","volume":"60","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695\u2013017-2924-y","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid in the prevention of gallstone formation after bariatric surgery: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Magouliotis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.12.029","article-title":"Excellent long-term survival in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and biochemical response to ursodeoxycholic acid","volume":"130","author":"Pares","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2017.06.005","article-title":"An update on the treatment and follow-up of patients with primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"21","author":"Burman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529409103626","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid therapy in treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"204","author":"Stiehl","year":"1994","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23082","article-title":"High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"50","author":"Lindor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.156","article-title":"High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid is associated with the development of colorectal neoplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"106","author":"Eaton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3624","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620\u2013011-1763-2","article-title":"In PSC with colitis treated with UDCA, most colonic carcinomas develop in the first years after the start of treatment","volume":"56","author":"Rudolph","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.05.009","article-title":"norUrsodeoxycholic acid improves cholestasis in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"67","author":"Fickert","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28712","article-title":"Farnesoid X receptor activation increases reverse cholesterol transport by modulating bile acid composition and cholesterol absorption in mice","volume":"64","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B67","volume-title":"Obeticholic Acid (Ocaliva): (Intercept Pharmaceuticals Canada, Inc.): Indication: for the Treatment of Primary Biliary Cholangitis (Pbc) in Combination with Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA) in Adults with an Inadequate Response to UDCA or as Monotherapy in Adults Unable to Tolerate UDCA","year":"2017"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.12.005","article-title":"Efficacy of obeticholic acid in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and inadequate response to ursodeoxycholic acid","volume":"148","author":"Hirschfield","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.09.050","article-title":"Long-term obeticholic acid therapy improves histological endpoints in patients with primary biliary cholangitis","author":"Bowlus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14492","article-title":"Clinical and metabolic effects associated with weight changes and obeticholic acid in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"47","author":"Hameed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2019.06.017","article-title":"REGENERATE: design of a pivotal, randomised, phase 3 study evaluating the safety and efficacy of obeticholic acid in patients with fibrosis due to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"84","author":"Ratziu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13515","article-title":"Challenges in patient enrollment and retention in clinical studies for alcoholic hepatitis: experience of the TREAT consortium","volume":"41","author":"Comerford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14209","article-title":"CONTROL: a randomized phase 2 study of obeticholic acid and atorvastatin on lipoproteins in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients","volume":"39","author":"Pockros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31017","article-title":"Liver injury in patients with cholestatic liver disease treated with obeticholic acid","author":"Eaton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00931","article-title":"Ileal bile acid transporter inhibition for the treatment of chronic constipation, cholestatic pruritus, and NASH","volume":"9","author":"Al-Dury","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6658","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2013018-25214-0","article-title":"Pilot study with IBAT inhibitor A4250 for the treatment of cholestatic pruritus in primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"8","author":"Al-Dury","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30319-7","article-title":"Effect of ileal bile acid transporter inhibitor GSK2330672 on pruritus in primary biliary cholangitis: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover, phase 2a study","volume":"389","author":"Hegade","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117988","article-title":"Mast cells and histamine contribute to bile acid-stimulated secretion in the mouse colon","volume":"95","author":"Gelbmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201800935RR","article-title":"Bile acids induce visceral hypersensitivity via mucosal mast cell-to-nociceptor signaling that involves the farnesoid X receptor\/nerve growth factor\/transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 axis","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313332","article-title":"Gut microbial profile is altered in primary biliary cholangitis and partially restored after UDCA therapy","volume":"67","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50446","article-title":"Patients with primary biliary cirrhosis react against a ubiquitous xenobiotic-metabolizing bacterium","volume":"38","author":"Selmi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8868","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b03173","article-title":"Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) protects against the lipopolysaccharide-induced impairment of the intestinal epithelial barrier function via the FXR-MLCK pathway","volume":"67","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389537","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/389537","article-title":"Role of the microbiota and antibiotics in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"2013","author":"Tabibian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2019.07.006","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid is a GPBAR1 agonist and resets liver\/intestinal FXR signaling in a model of diet-induced dysbiosis and NASH","volume":"1864","author":"Carino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.08.022","article-title":"FXR-dependent modulation of the human small intestinal microbiome by the bile acid derivative obeticholic acid","volume":"155","author":"Friedman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.10.12.963","article-title":"Bacteria, bile, and the small bowel","volume":"10","author":"Gorbach","year":"1969","journal-title":"Gut"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fmed.2020.00015\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T04:47:05Z","timestamp":1580273225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fmed.2020.00015\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]]},"references-count":86,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2020.00015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2020.00015","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]]},"article-number":"15"}}