{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T02:03:54Z","timestamp":1789524234096,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICU-AW), a common neuromuscular complication associated with patients in the ICU, is a type of skeletal muscle dysfunction that commonly occurs following sepsis, mobility restriction, hyperglycemia, and the use of glucocorticoids or neuromuscular blocking agents. ICU-AW can lead to delayed withdrawal of mechanical ventilation and extended hospitalization. Patients often have poor prognosis, limited mobility, and severely affected quality of life. Currently, its pathogenesis is uncertain, with unavailability of specific drugs or targeted therapies. ICU-AW has gained attention in recent years. This manuscript reviews the current research status of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment methods for ICU-AW and speculates the novel perspectives for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.559789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T07:55:26Z","timestamp":1606118126000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Weakness: A Review of Recent Progress With a Look Toward the Future"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Wenkang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanjie","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinglong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60446-1","article-title":"Critical care and the global burden of critical illness in adults","volume":"376","author":"Adhikari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1097\/CND.0b013e3181b5e14d","article-title":"Neuromuscular disorders in critically ill patients: review and update","volume":"12","author":"Lacomis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Neuromuscul Dis"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182376e6d","article-title":"The surgical intensive care unit optimal mobility score predicts mortality and length of stay","volume":"40","author":"Kasotakis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R229","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13052","article-title":"Clinical predictive value of manual muscle strength testing during critical illness: an observational cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Connolly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201312-2257OC","article-title":"Acute outcomes and 1-year mortality of intensive care unit-acquired weakness","volume":"190","author":"Hermans","year":"2014","journal-title":"A cohort study and propensity-matched analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R206","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12901","article-title":"Skeletal muscle predicts ventilator-free days, ICU-free days, and mortality in elderly ICU patients","volume":"17","author":"Moisey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000874","article-title":"Acquired muscle weakness in the surgical intensive care unit: nosology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention","volume":"124","author":"Farhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05944-4","article-title":"ICU-acquired weakness","volume":"46","author":"Vanhorebeek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20268","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle wasting and contractile performance in septic rats","volume":"31","author":"Minnaard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1000","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.17376.1","article-title":"Intensive care unit-acquired weakness: unanswered questions and targets for future research","volume":"8","author":"Piva","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-010-0010-6","article-title":"Intensive care unit-acquired weakness. (ICUAW) and muscle wasting in critically ill patients with severe sepsis and septic shock","volume":"1","author":"Schefold","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000040","article-title":"Physical complications in acute lung injury survivors: a two-year longitudinal prospective study","volume":"42","author":"Fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-0937-2","article-title":"Impact of ICU-acquired weakness on post-ICU physical functioning: a follow-up study","volume":"19","author":"Wieske","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05927-5","article-title":"Five-year impact of ICU-acquired neuromuscular complications: a prospective, observational study","volume":"46","author":"Van Aerde","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-0993-7","article-title":"Clinical review: intensive care unit acquired weakness","volume":"19","author":"Hermans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.5935\/0103-507X.20150036","article-title":"A guided approach to diagnose severe muscle weakness in the intensive care unit","volume":"27","author":"Latronico","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ter Intensiva"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/CPT.0000000000000102","article-title":"Ultrasound evaluation of quadriceps muscle dysfunction in respiratory disease","volume":"30","author":"Parry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiopulm Phys Ther J"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26026","article-title":"New device for nonvolitional evaluation of quadriceps force in ventilated patients","volume":"57","author":"Laghi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-019-01756-2","article-title":"Mitochondrial quality control mechanisms as potential therapeutic targets in sepsis-induced multiple organ failure","volume":"97","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Mol Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12964","article-title":"Risk factors for intensive care unit-acquired weakness: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"138","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2012.04.012","article-title":"Mechanisms responsible for disuse muscle atrophy: potential role of protein provision and exercise as countermeasures","volume":"29","author":"Mallinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2012-0247","article-title":"Mitochondrial pathways in sarcopenia of aging and disuse muscle atrophy","volume":"394","author":"Calvani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Chem"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2019.12.004","article-title":"Early rehabilitation reduces the likelihood of developing intensive care unit-acquired weakness: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"107","author":"Anekwe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181cded1f","article-title":"Hyperglycemia adversely modulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase during anesthetic preconditioning through tetrahydrobiopterin- and heat shock protein 90-mediated mechanisms","volume":"112","author":"Amour","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD006832","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006832.pub3","article-title":"Interventions for preventing critical illness polyneuropathy and critical illness myopathy","volume":"2014","author":"Hermans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000158442.08857.FC","article-title":"Insulin therapy protects the central and peripheral nervous system of intensive care patients","volume":"64","author":"Van den Berghe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(05)70373-4","article-title":"Postoperative management of the diabetic patient","volume":"85","author":"Hoogwerf","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S612","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.123548","article-title":"Management issues with exogenous steroid therapy","volume":"17","author":"Patt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2111-0","article-title":"Corticosteroid use and intensive care unit-acquired weakness: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2012.01.004","article-title":"[Steroid-induced myopathy]","volume":"41","author":"Perrot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2009.04322.x","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of systemic glucocorticoid side effects","volume":"49","author":"Moghadam-Kia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"B32","volume-title":"Neuromuscular blocking agents. In: StatPearls.","author":"Adeyinka","year":"2019"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1005372","article-title":"Neuromuscular blockers in early acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"363","author":"Papazian","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-009-1645-7","article-title":"Usefulness of a clinical diagnosis of ICU-acquired paresis to predict outcome in patients with SIRS and acute respiratory failure","volume":"36","author":"Brunello","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp160803","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for sustained neuromuscular blockade in the adult critically ill patient: 2016 update-executive summary","volume":"74","author":"Murray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.07.016","article-title":"Impact of vasoactive medications on ICU-acquired weakness in mechanically ventilated patients","volume":"154","author":"Wolfe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00023","article-title":"Mechanical signaling in the pathophysiology of critical illness myopathy","volume":"7","author":"Kalamgi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5345","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.279406","article-title":"CrossTalk opposing view: The dominant mechanism causing disuse muscle atrophy is proteolysis","volume":"592","author":"Reid","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00028.2014","article-title":"The sick and the weak: neuropathies\/myopathies in the critically Ill","volume":"95","author":"Friedrich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol Rev."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R88","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13855","article-title":"Hyperglycemia-induced diaphragm weakness is mediated by oxidative stress","volume":"18","author":"Callahan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.05.039","article-title":"Regulation of muscle protein synthesis and the effects of catabolic states","volume":"45","author":"Gordon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200910-1487OC","article-title":"Increased proteolysis, myosin depletion, and atrophic AKT-FOXO signaling in human diaphragm disuse","volume":"183","author":"Levine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00925.2012","article-title":"Calpain and caspase-3 play required roles in immobilization-induced limb muscle atrophy","volume":"114","author":"Talbert","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.90932.2008","article-title":"Absence of caspase-3 protects against denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"107","author":"Plant","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.010389","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy","volume":"6","author":"Bonaldo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E633","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2563","article-title":"Insufficient activation of autophagy allows cellular damage to accumulate in critically ill patients","volume":"96","author":"Vanhorebeek","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.05.007","article-title":"Autophagy in health and disease: a comprehensive review","volume":"104","author":"Saha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12222","article-title":"Obestatin controls the ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosome systems in glucocorticoid-induced muscle cell atrophy","volume":"8","author":"Cid-Diaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06639","article-title":"Autophagy fights disease through cellular self-digestion","volume":"451","author":"Mizushima","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.023","article-title":"Protein breakdown in muscle wasting: role of autophagy-lysosome and ubiquitin-proteasome","volume":"45","author":"Sandri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.11.001","article-title":"FoxO3 controls autophagy in skeletal muscle in vivo","volume":"6","author":"Mammucari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glv070","article-title":"Reconsidering the role of mitochondria in aging","volume":"70","author":"Gonzalez-Freire","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4371","DOI":"10.1113\/JP271973","article-title":"Mechano-signalling pathways in an experimental intensive critical illness myopathy model","volume":"594","author":"Corpeno Kalamgi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2012-0119","article-title":"Mitophagy: mechanisms, pathophysiological roles, and analysis","volume":"393","author":"Ding","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Chem"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607116657649","article-title":"Mitochondrial function in an in vitro model of skeletal muscle of patients with protracted critical illness and intensive care unit-acquired weakness","volume":"41","author":"Jiroutkova","year":"2017","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20304","article-title":"Neuromuscular manifestations of critical illness","volume":"32","author":"Bolton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4294","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.12253","article-title":"Mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle growth and atrophy","volume":"280","author":"Schiaffino","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.04.020","article-title":"Reduced motor neuron excitability is an important contributor to weakness in a rat model of sepsis","volume":"282","author":"Nardelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25105","article-title":"Increasing motor neuron excitability to treat weakness in sepsis","volume":"82","author":"Nardelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20140695","article-title":"The regulatory roles of NADPH oxidase, intra- and extra-cellular HSP70 in pancreatic islet function, dysfunction and diabetes","volume":"128","author":"Krause","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Sci."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000267","article-title":"Neuromuscular junction degeneration in muscle wasting","volume":"19","author":"Rudolf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.11.008","article-title":"Cellular and molecular anatomy of the human neuromuscular junction","volume":"21","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14863","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002220107","article-title":"Attenuation of age-related changes in mouse neuromuscular synapses by caloric restriction and exercise","volume":"107","author":"Valdez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00033.2014","article-title":"Mechanisms regulating neuromuscular junction development and function and causes of muscle wasting","volume":"95","author":"Tintignac","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3768","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddw222","article-title":"Neuromuscular junctions are pathological but not denervated in two mouse models of spinal bulbar muscular atrophy","volume":"25","author":"Poort","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2008.12.011","article-title":"Truncated dystrophins can influence neuromuscular synapse structure","volume":"40","author":"Banks","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B67","first-page":"E815","article-title":"Lidocaine injection in the intramuscular innervation zone can effectively treat chronic neck pain caused by MTrPs in the trapezius muscle","volume":"18","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"B68","first-page":"5485","article-title":"Intramuscular nerve distribution patterns of anterior forearm muscles in children: a guide for botulinum toxin injection","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-013-0120-z","article-title":"Biomarkers of muscle quality: N-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen and C-terminal agrin fragment responses to resistance exercise training in older adults","volume":"5","author":"Fragala","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24443","article-title":"C-terminal agrin fragment is inversely related to neuromuscular fatigue in older men","volume":"51","author":"Stout","year":"2015","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2015.05.001","article-title":"Sarcopenia\u2013The search for emerging biomarkers","volume":"22","author":"Kalinkovich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2016.03.012","article-title":"Serum levels of C-terminal agrin fragment. (CAF) are associated with sarcopenia in older multimorbid community-dwellers: Results from the ilSIRENTE study","volume":"79","author":"Landi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-017-4758-4","article-title":"Mechanism of ICU-acquired weakness: skeletal muscle loss in critical illness","volume":"43","author":"Batt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201512-2344OC","article-title":"Mechanisms of chronic muscle wasting and dysfunction after an intensive care unit stay","volume":"194","author":"Dos Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"A pilot study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201411-2011ST","article-title":"An official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice guideline: the diagnosis of intensive care unit-acquired weakness in adults","volume":"190","author":"Fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.121","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis","volume":"10","author":"van den Berg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22219","article-title":"Interobserver agreement of medical research council sum-score and handgrip strength in the intensive care unit","volume":"45","author":"Hermans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000239826.63523.8e","article-title":"Early development of critical illness myopathy and neuropathy in patients with severe sepsis","volume":"67","author":"Khan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-016-0188-3","article-title":"Prevalence of glutamine deficiency in ICU patients: a cross-sectional analytical study","volume":"15","author":"Nienaber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.4037\/ccn2015220","article-title":"Glutamine supplementation for critically Ill adults: a summary of findings from the cochrane library with implications for critical care nursing","volume":"35","author":"Sandoval","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care Nurse"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.09.013","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an oxidized plasma cysteine redox potential in critically Ill children","volume":"175","author":"Alvarez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.6.9903043","article-title":"The effect of glutathione and N-acetylcysteine on lipoperoxidative damage in patients with early septic shock","volume":"161","author":"Ortolani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B83","first-page":"170","article-title":"IGF-I concentration and changes in critically ill patients","volume":"16","author":"Hajsadeghi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(01)00769-9","article-title":"Glutamine supplementation and GH\/IGF-I treatment in critically ill patients: effects on glutamine metabolism and protein balance","volume":"18","author":"Umpleby","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nutrition"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2020.559789\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T07:55:29Z","timestamp":1606118129000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2020.559789\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2020.559789"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2020.559789","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"article-number":"559789"}}