{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:29:55Z","timestamp":1790681395799,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute kidney injury (AKI) is increasingly emerging as a global emergency. Sepsis, major surgery, and nephrotoxic drugs are the main causes of AKI in hospitalized patients. However, glomerulonephritis accounts for about 10% of AKI episodes in adults, mainly related to rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis resulting from granulomatous polyangiitis (GPA, Wegener granulomatosis), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) disease. Also, diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis, immunoglobulin A nephropathy, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, mixed cryoglobulinemia, mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis, membranous nephropathy, hemolytic uremic syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and scleroderma can induce acute renal failure. Early diagnosis of AKI due to glomerulonephritis is crucial for prompt, effective management to improve short- and long-term outcomes. Kidney biopsy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of glomerular disease, but it is not frequently performed in critically ill patients because of their clinical conditions. In this setting, a growing number of diagnostic assays can support the working hypothesis, including antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs), anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies, anti-GBM antibodies, antistreptolysin O and anti-DNase B antibodies, cryoglobulins, antiphospholipid antibodies, and complement levels. Therapeutic strategies in AKI patients with glomerulonephritis include high-dose corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, and plasma exchange. This article reviews the wide spectrum of glomerulopathies associated with AKI, describing the immunological mechanisms underlying glomerular diseases and presenting an overview of the therapeutic options.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.582272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T04:24:34Z","timestamp":1614659074000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Glomerulonephritis in AKI: From Pathogenesis to Therapeutic Intervention"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Pesce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma D.","family":"Stea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Rossini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Fiorentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fausta","family":"Piancone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Infante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Stallone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Castellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loreto","family":"Gesualdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30240-9","article-title":"Recognition and management of acute kidney injury in the International Society of Nephrology 0by25 Global Snapshot: a multinational cross-sectional study","volume":"387","author":"Mehta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2017070765","article-title":"Clinical decision support for In-Hospital AKI","volume":"29","author":"Al-Jaghbeer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-3934-7","article-title":"Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: the multinational AKI-EPI study","volume":"41","author":"Hoste","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intens Care Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.7.813","article-title":"Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational, multicenter study","volume":"294","author":"Uchino","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012080800","article-title":"Temporal changes in incidence of dialysis-requiring AKI","volume":"24","author":"Hsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00510113","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a Citrate-based protocol for sustained low-efficiency dialysis in AKI using standard dialysis equipment","volume":"8","author":"Fiaccadori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R31","DOI":"10.1186\/cc5713","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury Network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury","volume":"11","author":"Mehta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2012.1","article-title":"Kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) acute kidney injury work group. 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