{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T01:11:03Z","timestamp":1770685863546,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic disease histologically characterized by non-caseating epithelioid granulomas and multinucleated giant cells; the etiology is still uncertain, and likely related to a complex interplay between environmental and genetic factors. The genitourinary system is affected in fewer than 0.2% of all clinically diagnosed cases of sarcoidosis and in 5% of those identified in autopsy studies. In this report, we describe a case of a 42\u2013year-old male with one hypoechoic lesion per testis on B-mode evaluation; contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) on both lesions was carried out. During the early phase, the masses showed a hypovascular appearance as compared to the surrounding testicular tissue, maintaining the hypo-enhancement in the late phase. Tissue biopsy for pathological evaluation confirmed testicular sarcoid involvement, showing non-caseating granulomas. Allowing visualization of testicular microvascularisation, CEUS may play an important role in excluding malignancy, avoiding unnecessary aggressive treatment for benign conditions, such as sarcoidosis. A review of the literature of reported cases since 2004 of sarcoidosis involving the testis is also included.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.610384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T07:04:11Z","timestamp":1611731051000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Case Report: Testicular Sarcoidosis: The Diagnostic Role of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound and Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Antonio","family":"De Cinque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beniamino","family":"Corcioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martina Sofia","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Franceschelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fulvio","family":"Colombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Golfieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Renzulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Gaudiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622318790197","article-title":"Epidemiology of sarcoidosis: current findings and future directions","volume":"9","author":"Arkema","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther Adv Chronic Dis."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-016-9952-6","article-title":"Influence of gender on epidemiology and clinical manifestations of sarcoidosis: a population-based retrospective cohort study 1976-2013","volume":"195","author":"Ungprasert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lung."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201511-760OC","article-title":"Sarcoidosis in America. 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