{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T12:52:27Z","timestamp":1793364747739,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]],"date-time":"2021-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Purpose:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This meta-analysis aims to investigate the worldwide prevalence of primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and its risk factors in the last 20 years.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 37 population-based studies and 144,354 subjects. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched for cross-sectional or cohort studies published in the last 20 years (2000\u20132020) that reported the prevalence of PACG. The prevalence of PACG was analyzed according to various risk factors. A random-effects model was used for the meta-analysis.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The global pooled prevalence of PACG was 0.6% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.5\u20130.8%] for the last 20 years. The prevalence of PACG increases with age. Men are found less likely to have PACG than women (risk ratio = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.53\u20130.93,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.01). Asia is found to have the highest prevalence of PACG (0.7%, 95% CI = 0.6\u20131.0%). The current estimated population with PACG is 17.14 million (95% CI = 14.28\u201322.85) for people older than 40 years old worldwide, with 12.30 million (95% CI = 10.54\u201317.57) in Asia. It is estimated that by 2050, the global population with PACG will be 26.26 million, with 18.47 million in Asia.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    PACG affects more than 17 million people worldwide, especially leading a huge burden to Asia. The prevalence of PACG varies widely across different ages, sex, and population geographic variation. Asian, female sex, and age are risk factors of PACG.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.624179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,17]],"date-time":"2021-01-17T23:44:00Z","timestamp":1610927040000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":147,"title":["Prevalence of Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma in the Last 20 Years: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Nan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biyue","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31469-1","article-title":"Glaucoma","volume":"390","author":"Jonas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"668","article-title":"Glaucoma","volume":"93","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-102016-061422","article-title":"Neuroprotection in glaucoma: animal models and clinical trials","volume":"3","author":"Almasieh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Vis Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1076\/soph.17.2.50.14718","article-title":"The epidemiology of primary angle closure and associated glaucomatous optic neuropathy","volume":"17","author":"Foster","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V37N3p210","article-title":"Current understanding of the treatment and outcome of acute primary angle-closure glaucoma: an Asian perspective","volume":"37","author":"Ang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singap."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.05.013","article-title":"Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"121","author":"Tham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s00347-016-0430-6","article-title":"Role of the aging visual system in glaucoma","volume":"114","author":"Unterlauft","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmologe."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2015.10.005","article-title":"Age-related eye disease and gender","volume":"83","author":"Zetterberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Maturitas."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.2.238","article-title":"The definition and classification of glaucoma in prevalence surveys","volume":"86","author":"Foster","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)01101-1","article-title":"Epidemiology of primary glaucoma: prevalence, incidence, and blinding effects","volume":"173","author":"Cedrone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst Rev."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g7647","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7647","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation","volume":"350","author":"Shamseer","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00636","article-title":"The chance of permanent cure for micro- and macroprolactinomas, medication or surgery? 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