{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:42:07Z","timestamp":1790797327952,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Lymphangioleiomyomatosis can develop in a sporadic form (S-LAM) or in women with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes potentially involved in cystic lung destruction, and in the process of migration of LAM cells. The aim of the study was to explore the role of MMP-2 and MMP-7, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) -C and -D in women with LAM, including patients with minor pulmonary disease (i.e., &amp;lt;10 lung cysts), and TSC with or without LAM.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> We evaluated 50 patients: 13 individuals affected by S-LAM, 20 with TSC-LAM, of whom six with minor pulmonary disease, and 17 with TSC without pulmonary involvement. Sixteen healthy women were used as controls.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> MMP-2 resulted higher in LAM compared to healthy volunteers, and TSC patients (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.040). MMP-7 was higher in TSC-LAM patient, with even greater values in patients with TSC-LAM minor pulmonary disease, than in S-LAM patients, and in controls (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001). VEGF-D level was lower than 800 pg\/mL in all healthy controls and resulted higher in S-LAM and TSC-LAM than in TSC patients and controls (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). VEGF-C values were not statistically different in the study population (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.354). The area under ROC curves (AUCs) of MMP-2, and MMP-7 for predicting LAM diagnosis were of 0.756 \u00b1 0.079 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.004), and 0.828 \u00b1 0.060 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), respectively. Considering only patients with TSC, the AUCs for MMP-2, and MMP-7 in predicting LAM were 0.694 \u00b1 0.088 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.044), and 0.713 \u00b1 0.090 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.027), respectively.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Our data suggest that MMP-2 and MMP-7 could be promising biomarkers for LAM diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.605909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T04:43:12Z","timestamp":1619412192000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Exploring the Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases as Biomarkers in Sporadic Lymphangioleiomyomatosis and Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. 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