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Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains a global public health problem. The initial damage after ischemia\/reperfusion (I\/R) injury plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI) and predisposition to CKD. Several studies have been showing that <jats:italic>nontraditional<\/jats:italic> risk factors such as AKI and hypovitaminosis D could also be involved in CKD progression. Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is associated with hemodynamic changes, activation of inflammatory pathways and renal disease progression (RDP) following I\/R-AKI. Strategies for prevention and\/or slowing RDP have been determined and the sufficiency of vitamin D has been emerging as a renoprotective factor in many diseases. Therefore, we investigated the effect of the restoration of vitamin D levels in the progression of I\/R injury (IRI) in rats previously deficient in vitamin D. On day 30, male Wistar rats were submitted to bilateral 45 min IRI and divided into three groups: IRI, standard diet for 120 days; VDD+IRI, vitamin D-free diet for 120 days; and VDD+IRI+R, vitamin D-free diet in the first 30 days and just after I\/R, we reintroduced the standard diet in the last 90 days. After the 120-day protocol, VDD+IRI+R rats presented an improvement in the renal function and renal protein handling followed by a smaller fractional interstitial area. Furthermore, those animals exhibited a reestablishment regarding the hemodynamic parameters and plasma levels of aldosterone, urea and PTH. In addition, the restoration of vitamin D levels reestablished the amount of MCP1 and the renal expressions of CD68+ and CD3+ cells in the VDD+IRI+R rats. Also, VDD+IRI+R rats showed a restoration regarding the amount of collagen type III and renal expressions of fibronectin, vimentin and \u03b1-SMA. Such changes were also accompanied by a reestablishment on the renal expression of VDR, Klotho, JG12, and TGF-\u03b21. Our findings indicate that the restoration of vitamin D levels not only improved the renal function and hemodynamics but also reduced the inflammation and fibrosis lesions observed in I\/R-AKI associated with VDD. Thus, monitoring of vitamin D status as well as its replacement in the early stages of kidney injury may be a therapeutic alternative in the mitigation of renal disease progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.625647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T06:04:50Z","timestamp":1617257090000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Restoration of Vitamin D Levels Slows the Progression of Renal Ischemic Injury in Rats Previously Deficient in Vitamin D"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Michele Santiago","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Canale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Desiree Rita 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