{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T01:50:13Z","timestamp":1788313813896,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL134776"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL134776"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disease characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling and right heart failure. Specific genetic variants increase the incidence of PAH in carriers with a family history of PAH, those who suffer from certain medical conditions, and even those with no apparent risk factors. Inflammation and immune dysregulation are related to vascular remodeling in PAH, but whether genetic susceptibility modifies the PAH immune response is unclear. <jats:italic>TNIP2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>TRAF2<\/jats:italic> encode for immunomodulatory proteins that regulate NF-\u03baB activation, a transcription factor complex associated with inflammation and vascular remodeling in PAH.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Two unrelated families with PAH cases underwent whole-exome sequencing (WES). A custom pipeline for variant prioritization was carried out to obtain candidate variants. To determine the impact of TNIP2 and TRAF2 in cell proliferation, we performed an MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] assay on healthy lung pericytes transfected with siRNA specific for each gene. To measure the effect of loss of TNIP2 and TRAF2 on NF-kappa-beta (NF-\u03baB) activity, we measured levels of Phospho-p65-NF-\u03baB in siRNA-transfected pericytes using western immunoblotting.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> We discovered a novel missense variant in the <jats:italic>TNIP2<\/jats:italic> gene in two affected individuals from the same family. The two patients had a complex form of PAH with interatrial communication and scleroderma. In the second family, WES of the proband with PAH and primary biliary cirrhosis revealed a <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic> protein-truncating variant in the <jats:italic>TRAF2<\/jats:italic>. The knockdown of TNIP2 and TRAF2 increased NF-\u03baB activity in healthy lung pericytes, which correlated with a significant increase in proliferation over 24 h.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> We have identified two rare novel variants in <jats:italic>TNIP2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>TRAF2<\/jats:italic> using WES. We speculate that loss of function in these genes promotes pulmonary vascular remodeling by allowing overactivation of the NF-\u03baB signaling activity. Our findings support a role for WES in helping identify novel genetic variants associated with dysfunctional immune response in PAH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.625763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T04:34:38Z","timestamp":1619757278000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Novel TNIP2 and TRAF2 Variants Are Implicated in the Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Shaun","family":"Pienkos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Gallego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David 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