{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T03:07:09Z","timestamp":1772248029840,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Since December 2019 the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is the center of global attention due to its rapid transmission and toll on health care systems and global economy. Population-based serosurveys measuring antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 provide one method for estimating previous infection rates including the symptom-free courses of the disease and monitoring the progression of the epidemic.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    In June 2020 we succeeded in testing almost half of the population of an Austrian township (1,359 inhabitants) with a reported higher incidence for COVID-19 infections (17 PCR positive cases have been officially reported until the date of sample collection, i.e., 1.2% of the total population). We determined the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in this population, factors affecting, and symptoms correlated with prior infection. Antibodies were determined using a CE-certified quality-controlled ELISA test for SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgA antibodies.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    We found a high prevalence of 9% positive antibodies among the town population in comparison to 6% of the neighboring villages. This was considerably higher than the officially known RT-PCR-approved COVID-19 cases (1.2%) in the town population. Twenty percent of SARS-CoV-2-antibody positive cases declared being asymptomatic in a questionnaire. On the other hand, we identified six single major symptoms, including anosmia\/ageusia, weight loss, anorexia, general debility, dyspnea, and fever, and especially their combination to be of high prognostic value for predicting SARS-CoV-2 infection in a patient.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This population study demonstrated a high prevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 as a marker of past infections in an Austrian township. Several symptoms revealed a diagnostic value especially in combination.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.632942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T00:15:56Z","timestamp":1621815356000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibody Prevalence and Symptoms in a Local Austrian Population"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Dennis","family":"Ladage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yana","family":"H\u00f6glinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorothee","family":"Ladage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Israfil","family":"Yalcin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Harzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralf J.","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30273-5","article-title":"Connecting clusters of COVID-19: an epidemiological and serological investigation","volume":"20","author":"Yong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10050319","article-title":"Antibody tests in detecting SARS-CoV-2 infection: a meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Kontou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagnostics."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104437","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody detection in healthcare workers in Germany with direct contact to COVID-19 patients","volume":"128","author":"Korth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Virol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8279","article-title":"Seroprevalence of SARS- CoV-2-specific antibodies among adults in Los Angeles County, California, on April 10-11, 2020","volume":"323","author":"Sood","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0474-z","article-title":"Serum IgA, IgM, and IgG responses in COVID-19","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol."},{"key":"B6","unstructured":"e11210.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e112352020"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/119324","article-title":"COVID-19 and smoking: a systematic review of the evidence","volume":"18","author":"Vardavas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2010419","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of Covid-19 in New York City","volume":"382","author":"Goyal","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.632942\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T00:15:59Z","timestamp":1621815359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.632942\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]},"references-count":8,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2021.632942"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.632942","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.11.03.20219121","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]},"article-number":"632942"}}