{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:26:55Z","timestamp":1777508815547,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are acute and potentially fatal inflammatory vesiculobullous reactions that affect the skin and mucous membranes, and which are most often triggered by particular medications and infections. In Brazil, the drugs most frequently associated with TEN and SJS include cold medicine such as dipyrone and NSAIDs, followed by carbamazepine, phenobarbital, penicillin, and allopurinol. Genetic variations have been found to increase the risk of SJS\/TEN in response to triggering factors such as medications. The most closely associated genes found in Brazilian cold-medicine-related SJS\/TEN patients with severe ocular complications are HLA-A<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>66:01 in those of mixed African and European ancestry and HLA-B<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>44:03 and HLA-C<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>12:03 in those of solely European ancestry. Our classification system for grading ocular surface complication severity in SJS\/TEN patients revealed the most severe complications to be limbal stem cell deficiency and dry eye. Changes to the conjunctival flora have also been observed in SJS\/TEN patients. Our group identified bacterial colonization in 95% of the eyes (55.5% of which were gram-positive cocci, 25.5% of which were gram-negative bacilli, and 19% of which were gram-positive bacilli). Several new treatment options in the acute and chronic ocular management of the SJS\/TEN patients have been described. This article highlights some Brazilian institutions' contributions to ocular surface care in both the acute phase (including the use of amniotic membrane transplantation) and the chronic phase (such as eyelid margin and fornix reconstruction, minor salivary gland transplantation, amniotic membrane and limbal transplantation, scleral contact lenses, anti-angiogenic eyedrops for corneal neovascularization, <jats:italic>ex-vivo<\/jats:italic> cultivated limbal epithelium transplantation, conjunctival-limbal autografting, oral mucosa transplantation, and keratoprosthesis).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.649369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T13:43:23Z","timestamp":1624023803000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Clinical Aspects of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis With Severe Ocular Complications in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Tais Hitomi","family":"Wakamatsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myrna Serapi\u00e3o","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Telma Pereira","family":"Barreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Estela Besteti Pires Ponce","family":"Sant'Anna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fab\u00edola","family":"Murta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandre Xavier","family":"da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonardo Guedes C.","family":"Marculino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael Jorge Alves","family":"de Alc\u00e2ntara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles Costa","family":"de Farias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 \u00c1lvaro Pereira","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1979.tb03571.x","article-title":"Toxic epidermal necrolysis (the scalded skin syndrome): a reappraisal","volume":"100","author":"Lyell","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199411103311906","article-title":"Severe adverse cutaneous reactions to drugs","volume":"331","author":"Roujeau","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(96)00035-2","article-title":"Epidemiology of erythema exsudativum multiforme majus, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis in Germany (1990\u20131992): structure and results of a population-based registry","volume":"49","author":"Rzany","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.127.6.831","article-title":"A population-based study of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. 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