{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T03:06:33Z","timestamp":1776308793225,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004861","name":"Mackay Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background and Aims:<\/jats:bold> Vitamin D (VD) plays an important role not only in mineral balance and skeletal maintenance but also in immune modulation. VD status was found correlated with the pathophysiology and severity of inflammatory bowel diseases and other autoimmune disorders. Epithelial barrier function is primarily regulated by the tight-junction (TJ) proteins. In this study, we try to establish an animal model by raising mice fed VD-deficient diet and to investigate the effects of VD-deficient diet on gut integrity and zonulin expression.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Male C57BL\/6 mice were administered either VD-deficient [VDD group, 25(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> 0 IU\/per mouse] or VD-sufficient [VDS group, 25(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> 37.8 IU\/per mouse] special diets for 7 weeks. Body weight and diet intake were recorded weekly. Serum VD levels were detected. After sacrifice, jejunum and colon specimens were collected. The villus length and crypt depth of the jejunum as well as mucosa thickness of the colon were measured. Various serum pro-inflammatory cytokines and intestinal TJ proteins were assessed. The serum level of zonulin and the mRNA expression of jejunum zonulin were also investigated.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> We found that mice fed a VDD diet had a lower serum level of VD after 7 weeks (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). VDD mice gained significant less weight (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.022) and took a similar amount of diet (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.398) when compared to mice raised on a VDS diet. Significantly decreased colon mucosa thickness was found in VDD mice compared with the VDS group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.022). A marked increase in serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels was demonstrated in VDD mice. All relative levels of claudin (CLD)-1 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.007), CLD-3 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), CLD-7 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), and zonulin-1 (ZO-1, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.038) protein expressions were significantly decreased in the VDD group when compared to the VDS group. A significant upregulation of mRNA expression of jejunum zonulin (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.043) and elevated serum zonulin (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001) were found in the VDD group.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> We successfully demonstrated that VDD could lead to impaired barrier properties. We assume that sufficient VD could maintain intestinal epithelial integrity and prevent mucosal barrier dysfunction. VD supplementation may serve as part of a therapeutic strategy for human autoimmune and infectious diseases with intestinal barrier dysfunction (leaky gut) in the future. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that VDD could lead to a significant upregulation in mRNA expression of the jejunum zonulin level and also a marked elevation of serum zonulin in a mouse model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.649818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T05:51:01Z","timestamp":1627969861000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Effects of Vitamin D-Deficient Diet on Intestinal Epithelial Integrity and Zonulin Expression in a C57BL\/6 Mouse Model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Chun-Yan","family":"Yeung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jen-Shiu","family":"Chiang 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