{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T15:09:16Z","timestamp":1771945756806,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has become the most critical global health challenge in recent history. With SARS-CoV-2 infection, there was an unexpectedly high and specific prevalence of olfactory and taste disorders (OTDs). These high rates of hyposmia and hypogeusia, initially reported as up to 89% in European case series, led to the global inclusion of loss of taste and\/or smell as a distinctive feature of COVID-19. However, there is emerging evidence that there are striking differences in the rates of OTDs in East Asian countries where the disease first emerged, as compared to Western countries (15.8 vs. 60.9%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    -value &amp;lt; 0.01). This may be driven by either variations in SARS-CoV-2 subtypes presenting to different global populations or genotypic differences in hosts which alter the predisposition of these different populations to the neuroinvasiveness of SARS-CoV-2. We also found that rates of OTDs were significantly higher in objective testing for OTDs as compared to subjective testing (73.6 vs. 60.8%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    -value = 0.03), which is the methodology employed by most studies. Concurrently, it has also become evident that racial minorities across geographically disparate world populations suffer from disproportionately higher rates of COVID-19 infection and mortality. In this mini review, we aim to delineate and explore the varying rates of olfactory and taste disorders amongst COVID-19 patients, by focusing on their underlying geographical, testing, ethnic and socioeconomic differences. We examine the current literature for evidence of differences in the olfactory and gustatory manifestations of COVID-19 and discuss current pathophysiological hypotheses for such differences.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.661359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T02:01:08Z","timestamp":1619661668000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Geographical Variations in Host Predisposition to COVID-19 Related Anosmia, Ageusia, and Neurological Syndromes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"A Aravin","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean Wei Yee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Lock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole CH","family":"Keong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Eng J Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China","volume":"382","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Eng J Med."},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"Clinical Features of 69 Cases With Coronavirus Disease","author":"Wang","year":"2019"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30154-9","article-title":"A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster","volume":"395","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.22.20026500","article-title":"Neurological manifestations of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective case series study","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medrxiv."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s40463-020-00423-8","article-title":"Early recovery following new onset anosmia during the COVID-19 pandemic \u2013 an observational cohort study","volume":"49","author":"Hopkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surgery."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1","article-title":"Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study","volume":"277","author":"Lechien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Arch Oto Rhino Laryngol."},{"key":"B8","unstructured":"Anosmia as a Potential Marker of COVID-19 Infection \u2013 an Update2020"},{"key":"B9","unstructured":"AAO-HNS: Anosmia, Hyposmia and Dysgeusia Symptoms of Coronavirus Disease2020"},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"Acute olfactory and gustatory dysfunction as a symptom of COVID-19 infection: Joint statement of the Chapter of Otorhinolaryngologists, College of Surgeons, Singapore and the Society of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery","year":"2020"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2020.03.002","article-title":"Should we expect neurological symptoms in the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic?","volume":"35","author":"Mat\u00edas-Guiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurologia."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2014.12.009","article-title":"Viral diseases of the central nervous system","volume":"11","author":"Swanson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14277","article-title":"Does SARS-Cov-2 invade the brain? 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