{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:20:26Z","timestamp":1792653626472,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":344,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lyme disease (also known as Lyme borreliosis) is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States with an estimated 476,000 cases per year. While historically, the long-term impact of Lyme disease on patients has been controversial, mounting evidence supports the idea that a substantial number of patients experience persistent symptoms following treatment. The research community has largely lacked the necessary funding to properly advance the scientific and clinical understanding of the disease, or to develop and evaluate innovative approaches for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Given the many outstanding questions raised into the diagnosis, clinical presentation and treatment of Lyme disease, and the underlying molecular mechanisms that trigger persistent disease, there is an urgent need for more support. This review article summarizes progress over the past 5 years in our understanding of Lyme and tick-borne diseases in the United States and highlights remaining challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.666554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T03:35:20Z","timestamp":1629257720000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":126,"title":["Recent Progress in Lyme Disease and Remaining Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Jason R.","family":"Bobe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon L.","family":"Jutras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"Horn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica E.","family":"Embers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Moritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Soloski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard S.","family":"Ostfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard T.","family":"Marconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Aucott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avi","family":"Ma'ayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicia","family":"Keesing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Choukri","family":"Ben Mamoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison W.","family":"Rebman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mecaila E.","family":"McClune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward B.","family":"Breitschwerdt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panga Jaipal","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Maggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bennett","family":"Nemser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aydogan","family":"Ozcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omai","family":"Garner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dino","family":"Di Carlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Ballard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyou-Arm","family":"Joung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Garcia-Romeu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland R.","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Baumgarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian A.","family":"Fallon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6717e1","article-title":"Vital signs: trends in reported vectorborne disease cases - United States and Territories, 2004-2016","volume":"67","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2702.202731","article-title":"Estimating the frequency of Lyme disease diagnoses, United States, 2010\u20132018","volume":"27","author":"Kugeler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis J."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2109.150417","article-title":"Incidence of clinician-diagnosed Lyme disease, United States, 2005-2010","volume":"21","author":"Nelson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16090","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.90","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis","volume":"2","author":"Steere","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0116767","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116767","article-title":"Health care costs, utilization and patterns of care following Lyme disease","volume":"10","author":"Adrion","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B6","unstructured":"HHSTick-Borne Disease Working Group: Report to Congress 20182018"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108649","article-title":"Peridomestic and community-wide landscape risk factors for Lyme disease across a range of community contexts in Pennsylvania","volume":"178","author":"Moon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20171975","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1975","article-title":"Accuracy of clinician suspicion of Lyme disease in the emergency department","volume":"140","author":"Nigrovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.103977","article-title":"AI-based detection of erythema migrans and disambiguation against other skin lesions","volume":"125","author":"Burlina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.02.010","article-title":"Epidemiology of Lyme disease","volume":"29","author":"Mead","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560018","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.560018","article-title":"Risk factors and outcomes of treatment delays in Lyme disease: a population-based retrospective cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Hirsch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e021367","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-021367","article-title":"Obstacles to diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease in the USA: a qualitative study","volume":"8","author":"Hirsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2017.00224","article-title":"The clinical, symptom, and quality-of-life characterization of a well-defined group of patients with posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Rebman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2011.05.007","article-title":"Healthcare access and burden of care for patients with Lyme disease: a large United States survey","volume":"102","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Policy."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.23.2617","article-title":"Does this patient have erythema migrans?","volume":"297","author":"Tibbles","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0395","article-title":"Human risk of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease agent, in eastern United States","volume":"86","author":"Diuk-Wasser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0199644","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199644","article-title":"Using citizen science to describe the prevalence and distribution of tick bite and exposure to tick-borne diseases in the United States","volume":"13","author":"Nieto","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B18","unstructured":"Epidemiology and Prevention of Tick-Borne Diseases in California"},{"key":"B19","first-page":"590","article-title":"Recommendations for test performance and interpretation from the Second National Conference on Serologic Diagnosis of Lyme Disease","volume-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","year":"1995"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6832a4","article-title":"Updated CDC recommendation for serologic diagnosis of Lyme disease","volume":"68","author":"Mead","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.3.484-509.2005","article-title":"Diagnosis of lyme borreliosis","volume":"18","author":"Aguero-Rosenfeld","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03394-15","article-title":"The past, present, and (possible) future of serologic testing for Lyme disease","volume":"54","author":"Theel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00032-20","article-title":"The Lyme disease biobank - characterization of 550 patient and control samples from the east coast and upper midwest of the United States","volume":"58","author":"Horn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00615","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00615-20","article-title":"Molecular microbiological and immune characterization of a cohort of patients diagnosed with early Lyme disease","volume":"59","author":"Mosel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir464","article-title":"Two-tiered antibody testing for Lyme disease with use of 2 enzyme immunoassays, a whole-cell sonicate enzyme immunoassay followed by a VlsE C6 peptide enzyme immunoassay","volume":"53","author":"Branda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00018","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00018-19","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"34","author":"Branda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00109-08","article-title":"Impact of clinical variables on Borrelia burgdorferi-specific antibody seropositivity in acute-phase sera from patients in North America with culture-confirmed early Lyme disease","volume":"15","author":"Wormser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1086\/589242","article-title":"Prospective study of serologic tests for lyme disease","volume":"47","author":"Steere","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-014-2706-z","article-title":"Characteristics of seroconversion and implications for diagnosis of post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome: acute and convalescent serology among a prospective cohort of early Lyme disease patients","volume":"34","author":"Rebman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00057","article-title":"Post-treatment lyme disease as a model for persistent symptoms in Lyme disease","volume":"7","author":"Rebman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare6020069","article-title":"A community study of Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies among individuals with prior Lyme disease in endemic areas","volume":"6","author":"Strobino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Healthcare."},{"key":"B32","first-page":"301","article-title":"Lyme disease: laboratory issues","volume-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am.","author":"Aguero-Rosenfeld","year":"2008"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03749.x","article-title":"High frequency of false positive IgM immunoblots for Borrelia burgdorferi in clinical practice","volume":"18","author":"Seriburi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2018.11.011","article-title":"Review of European and American guidelines for the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"49","author":"Eldin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.08.004","article-title":"Clinical manifestations and treatment of Lyme disease","volume":"35","author":"Sanchez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Lab Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1482","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/11.Supplement_6.S1482","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of lyme disease, the new \u201cgreat imitator.\u201d","volume":"11","author":"Pachner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FallonBA SotskyJ BrennerC MakousM Conquering Lyme Disease : Science Bridges the Great Divide with Columbia University Press2017","DOI":"10.7312\/fall18384"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.11.035","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of Lyme carditis: JACC review topic of the week","volume":"73","author":"Yeung","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1086\/376914","article-title":"Asymptomatic infection with Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"37","author":"Steere","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(02)01439-0","article-title":"Toward a more complete appreciation of the clinical spectrum of Borrelia burgdorferi infection: early Lyme disease without erythema migrans","volume":"114","author":"Sigal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03807-5","article-title":"Complement activation in individuals with previous subclinical Lyme borreliosis and patients with previous Lyme neuroborreliosis","volume":"39","author":"Carlsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq157","article-title":"A review of death certificates listing Lyme disease as a cause of death in the United States","volume":"52","author":"Kugeler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E574","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.191194","article-title":"Fatal Lyme carditis presenting as fluctuating high-grade atrioventricular block","volume":"192","author":"Semproni","year":"2020","journal-title":"CMAJ."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1086\/508667","article-title":"The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"43","author":"Wormser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)80190-9","article-title":"Misdiagnosis of erythema migrans","volume":"99","author":"Feder","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451727","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/451727","article-title":"Bull's-eye and nontarget skin lesions of Lyme disease: an internet survey of identification of erythema migrans","volume":"2012","author":"Aucott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dermatol Res Pract."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1905.120796","article-title":"Atypical erythema migrans in patients with PCR-positive lyme disease","volume":"19","author":"Schutzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis J."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6509","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.6509","article-title":"Lyme disease with erythema migrans and seventh nerve palsy in an African-American Man","volume":"11","author":"Dennison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199807233390401","article-title":"Vaccination against Lyme disease with recombinant Borrelia burgdorferi outer-surface lipoprotein a with adjuvant","volume":"339","author":"Steere","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(02)01440-7","article-title":"Systemic symptoms without erythema migrans as the presenting picture of early Lyme disease","volume":"114","author":"Steere","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-79","article-title":"Diagnostic challenges of early Lyme disease: lessons from a community case series","volume":"9","author":"Aucott","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6622a1","article-title":"Surveillance for Lyme Disease - United States, 2008-2015","volume":"66","author":"Schwartz","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00110-14","article-title":"Current and past strategies for bacterial culture in clinical microbiology","volume":"28","author":"Lagier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7050130","article-title":"Advances in chemical and biological methods to identify microorganisms-from past to present","volume":"7","author":"Franco-Duarte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-006-0688-9","article-title":"Hematogenous dissemination in early Lyme disease","volume":"118","author":"Wormser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1086\/648076","article-title":"Blood cultures for patients with extracutaneous manifestations of Lyme disease in the United States","volume":"49","author":"Nowakowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B57","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)NIH Strategic Research Plan Addresses Growing Tickborne Diseases Threat2019"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02310","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02310-20","article-title":"A distinct microbiome signature in posttreatment Lyme disease patients","volume":"11","author":"Morrissette","year":"2020","journal-title":"MBio."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1455","article-title":"Metabolic response in patients with post-treatment Lyme disease symptoms\/syndrome","volume-title":"Clin Infect Dis","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2020"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21349-2","article-title":"A multiplex serologic platform for diagnosis of tick-borne diseases","volume":"8","author":"Tokarz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01142","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01142-19","article-title":"A multiplexed serologic test for diagnosis of Lyme disease for point-of-care use","volume":"57","author":"Arumugam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b08151","article-title":"Point-of-care serodiagnostic test for early-stage Lyme disease using a multiplexed paper-based immunoassay and machine learning","volume":"14","author":"Joung","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0349-6","article-title":"Analytical and clinical validation of a microbial cell-free DNA sequencing test for infectious disease","volume":"4","author":"Blauwkamp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa858","article-title":"Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi cell-free DNA in human plasma samples for improved diagnosis of early Lyme borreliosis","volume-title":"Clin Infect Dis","author":"Branda","year":"2020"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00237","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00237-19","article-title":"Molecular testing of serial blood specimens from patients with early lyme disease during treatment reveals changing coinfection with mixtures of Borrelia burgdorferi genotypes","volume":"63","author":"Mosel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-015-0701-z","article-title":"Application of Nanotrap technology for high sensitivity measurement of urinary outer surface protein A carboxyl-terminus domain in early stage Lyme borreliosis","volume":"13","author":"Magni","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Transl Med."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00100","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00100-16","article-title":"Longitudinal transcriptome analysis reveals a sustained differential gene expression signature in patients treated for acute Lyme disease","volume":"7","author":"Bouquet","year":"2016","journal-title":"MBio."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.636289","article-title":"Predicting lyme disease from patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells profiled with RNA-sequencing","volume":"12","author":"Ma'ayan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.9b00569","article-title":"Measurement of organ-specific and acute-phase blood protein levels in early Lyme disease","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Proteome Res."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01836","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01836-20","article-title":"Serum epitope repertoire analysis enables early detection of Lyme disease with improved sensitivity in an expandable multiplex format","volume":"59","author":"Reifert","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3822","article-title":"Immunosequencing identifies signatures of cytomegalovirus exposure history and HLA-mediated effects on the T cell repertoire","volume":"49","author":"Emerson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Genet."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ185","article-title":"Development of a metabolic biosignature for detection of early Lyme disease","volume":"60","author":"Molins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-017-1264-1","article-title":"A robust, single-injection method for targeted, broad-spectrum plasma metabolomics","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metabolomics."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12204","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29713-y","article-title":"Identification of urine metabolites as biomarkers of early Lyme disease","volume":"8","author":"Pegalajar-Jurado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.9b00470","article-title":"Host metabolic response in early Lyme disease","volume":"19","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Proteome Res."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw112","article-title":"Detection of IFN-\u03b3 secretion by T cells collected before and after successful treatment of early Lyme disease","volume":"62","author":"Callister","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2018.12.007","article-title":"Automated detection of erythema migrans and other confounding skin lesions via deep learning","volume":"105","author":"Burlina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0231320","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02313-20","article-title":"Visualizing Borrelia burgdorferi infection using a small-molecule imaging probe","volume":"59","author":"Sell","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B79","first-page":"454","article-title":"Lyme disease: an infectious and postinfectious syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Asch","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-121-8-199410150-00002","article-title":"The long-term clinical outcomes of Lyme disease. A population-based retrospective cohort study","volume":"121","author":"Shadick","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.7.1567","article-title":"Effectiveness of antimicrobial treatment against Borrelia burgdorferi infection in mice","volume":"38","author":"Moody","year":"1994","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/512462","article-title":"Practice guidelines for the treatment of Lyme disease. The Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"31","author":"Wormser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1215","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), American Academy of Neurology (AAN), and American College of Rheumatology (ACR): 2020 Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Lyme Disease","volume":"72","author":"Lantos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00237","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01201-18","article-title":"Identifying vancomycin as an effective antibiotic for killing Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"62","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2014.53","article-title":"Identification of novel activity against Borrelia burgdorferi persisters using an FDA approved drug library","volume":"3","author":"Feng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0117207","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117207","article-title":"Drug combinations against Borrelia burgdorferi persisters in vitro: eradication achieved by using daptomycin, cefoperazone and doxycycline","volume":"10","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B87","first-page":"125","article-title":"Stationary phase persister\/biofilm microcolony of Borrelia burgdorferi causes more severe disease in a mouse model of Lyme arthritis: implications for understanding persistence, Post-treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS), and treatment failure","volume":"27","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Discov Med."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00006","article-title":"Evaluation of natural and botanical medicines for activity against growing and non-growing forms of B. burgdorferi","volume":"7","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624745","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.624745","article-title":"Botanical medicines cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Artemisia annua, Scutellaria baicalensis, Polygonum cuspidatum, and Alchornea cordifolia demonstrate inhibitory activity against Babesia duncani","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics7040089","article-title":"Identification of essential oils with strong activity against stationary phase Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"7","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra072023","article-title":"A critical appraisal of \u201cChronic Lyme Disease","volume":"357","author":"Feder","year":"2007"},{"key":"B92","unstructured":"Circular Letter #12\u2212321976"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02166","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02166-19","article-title":"Discovery of the Lyme disease agent","volume":"10","author":"Barbour","year":"2019","journal-title":"MBio."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000001513","article-title":"Stages of Lyme arthritis","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.190320","article-title":"Treatment of lyme arthritis","volume":"46","author":"Steere","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780370616","article-title":"Treatment of Lyme arthritis","volume":"37","author":"Steere","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22131","article-title":"Therapy for Lyme arthritis: strategies for the treatment of antibiotic-refractory arthritis","volume":"54","author":"Steere","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.02.004","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of Lyme arthritis","volume":"29","author":"Arvikar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.180829","article-title":"Intraarticular glucocorticoid injection as second-line treatment for Lyme arthritis in children","volume":"46","author":"Horton","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60103-7","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis","volume":"379","author":"Stanek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40039","article-title":"MicroRNA expression shows inflammatory dysregulation and tumor-like proliferative responses in joints of patients with postinfectious Lyme arthritis","volume":"69","author":"Lochhead","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13498","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1904170116","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi peptidoglycan is a persistent antigen in patients with Lyme arthritis","volume":"116","author":"Jutras","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI58813","article-title":"Spirochete antigens persist near cartilage after murine Lyme borreliosis therapy","volume":"122","author":"Bockenstedt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2013.04.003","article-title":"Correlates of perceived health-related quality of life in post-treatment Lyme encephalopathy","volume":"54","author":"Chandra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychosomatics."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e322","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.322","article-title":"Severity of chronic Lyme disease compared to other chronic conditions: a quality of life survey","volume":"2","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"PeerJ."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2007.12.011","article-title":"Chronic Lyme disease: a review","volume":"22","author":"Marques","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2013.01.008","article-title":"Development of a foundation for a case definition of post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Aucott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.02.012","article-title":"Posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Aucott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6681-9","article-title":"Estimation of cumulative number of post-treatment Lyme disease cases in the US, 2016 and 2020","volume":"19","author":"DeLong","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-99-1-22","article-title":"Treatment of the early manifestations of Lyme disease","volume":"99","author":"Steere","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780300414","article-title":"Failure of tetracycline therapy in early Lyme disease","volume":"30","author":"Dattwyler","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1086\/516171","article-title":"Tetracycline therapy for chronic Lyme disease","volume":"25","author":"Donta","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-131-12-199912210-00003","article-title":"Musculoskeletal and neurologic outcomes in patients with previously treated Lyme disease","volume":"131","author":"Shadick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000068030.26992.25","article-title":"Cognitive function in post-treatment Lyme disease: do additional antibiotics help?","volume":"60","author":"Kaplan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acw098","article-title":"Standardized symptom measurement of individuals with early Lyme disease over time","volume":"32","author":"Bechtold","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare6040129","article-title":"Precision medicine: the role of the MSIDS model in defining, diagnosing, and treating chronic Lyme disease\/Post Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome and Other Chronic Illness: Part 2","volume":"6","author":"Horowitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Healthcare."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8040269","article-title":"Chronic Lyme disease: an evidence-based definition by the ILADS Working Group","volume":"8","author":"Shor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antibiotics."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e040399","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-040399","article-title":"Symptom heterogeneity and patient subgroup classification among US patients with post-treatment Lyme disease: an observational study","volume":"11","author":"Rebman","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00071-16","article-title":"CCL19 as a chemokine risk factor for posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome: a prospective clinical cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Aucott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit735","article-title":"Elevated levels of IL-23 in a subset of patients with post-lyme disease symptoms following erythema migrans","volume":"58","author":"Strle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01634","article-title":"Robust B cell responses predict rapid resolution of Lyme disease","volume":"9","author":"Blum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03492.x","article-title":"The expanding Lyme Borrelia complex\u2013clinical significance of genomic species?","volume":"17","author":"Stanek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2019.00401","article-title":"Borrelia bavariensis: vector switch, niche invasion, and geographical spread of a tick-borne bacterial parasite","volume":"7","author":"Margos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Ecol Evol."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2007.05.002","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects and molecular characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. from southern Germany with special respect to the new species Borrelia spielmanii sp. nov","volume":"298","author":"Fingerle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2009.01498.x","article-title":"Molecular detection of Borrelia bissettii DNA in serum samples from patients in the Czech Republic with suspected borreliosis","volume":"292","author":"Rudenko","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01689-10","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Borrelia burgdorferi and detection of B. bissettii-like DNA in serum of north-coastal California residents","volume":"49","author":"Girard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.11.009","article-title":"Isolation of live Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochaetes from patients with undefined disorders and symptoms not typical for Lyme borreliosis","volume":"22","author":"Rudenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.3.1316-1318.2004","article-title":"First isolation of Borrelia lusitaniae from a human patient","volume":"42","author":"Collares-Pereira","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-008-1012-z","article-title":"Vasculitis-like syndrome associated with Borrelia lusitaniae infection","volume":"27","author":"de Carvalho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1009.030439","article-title":"Borrelia valaisiana in cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"10","author":"Diza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-017-1032-1","article-title":"Published data do not support the notion that Borrelia valaisiana is human pathogenic","volume":"45","author":"Margos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infection."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-014-0164-x","article-title":"A phylogenomic and molecular marker based proposal for the division of the genus Borrelia into two genera: the emended genus Borrelia containing only the members of the relapsing fever Borrelia, and the genus Borreliella gen. nov. containing the members of the Lyme disease Borrelia (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex)","volume":"105","author":"Adeolu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek."},{"key":"B133","first-page":"1","article-title":"Borreliaceae","volume-title":"Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria","author":"Barbour","year":"2018"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001","article-title":"Relapsing fever borreliae: a global review","volume":"35","author":"Cutler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Lab Med."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.001815","article-title":"Division of the genus Borrelia into two genera (corresponding to Lyme disease and relapsing fever groups) reflects their genetic and phenotypic distinctiveness and will lead to a better understanding of these two groups of microbes (Margos et al","volume":"67","author":"Barbour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"B136","article-title":"There is inadequate evidence to support the division of the genus Borrelia","volume-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol","author":"Margos","year":"2017"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1107","article-title":"Surveillance for and discovery of Borrelia Species in US Patients Suspected of Tickborne Illness","volume":"66","author":"Kingry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.08.003","article-title":"Ecology and epidemiology of Lyme Borreliosis","volume":"35","author":"Schotthoefer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Lab Med."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2011.04.002","article-title":"Updates on Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex with respect to public health","volume":"2","author":"Rudenko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.03.008","article-title":"Borrelia miyamotoi: a widespread tick-borne relapsing fever spirochete","volume":"31","author":"Wagemakers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00464-8","article-title":"Identification of a novel pathogenic Borrelia species causing Lyme borreliosis with unusually high spirochaetaemia: a descriptive study","volume":"16","author":"Pritt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0168994","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168994","article-title":"Whole genome sequence and comparative genomics of the novel Lyme Borreliosis causing pathogen, Borrelia mayonii","volume":"11","author":"Kingry","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.21775\/cimb.042.409","article-title":"Multipartite genome of lyme disease borrelia: structure, variation and prophages","volume":"42","author":"Schwartz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/37551","article-title":"Genomic sequence of a Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"390","author":"Fraser","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01698.x","article-title":"A bacterial genome in flux: the twelve linear and nine circular extrachromosomal DNAs in an infectious isolate of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"35","author":"Casjens","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01158-10","article-title":"Whole-genome sequences of thirteen isolates of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"193","author":"Schutzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0198135","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198135","article-title":"Whole genome sequence and comparative analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi MM1","volume":"13","author":"Jabbari","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10552","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28908-7","article-title":"Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of strains of the agent of Lyme disease Borrelia burgdorferi from Canadian emergence zones","volume":"8","author":"Tyler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-15-233","article-title":"BorreliaBase: a phylogeny-centered browser of Borrelia genomes","volume":"15","author":"Di","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00940","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00940-18","article-title":"Genotyping and quantifying lyme pathogen strains by deep sequencing of the outer surface protein C (ospC) locus","volume":"56","author":"Di","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-4597-x","article-title":"Primordial origin and diversification of plasmids in Lyme disease agent bacteria","volume":"19","author":"Casjens","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Genomics."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-3804-5","article-title":"Lost in plasmids: next generation sequencing and the complex genome of the tick-borne pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"18","author":"Margos","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Genomics."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-693","article-title":"Inter- and intra-specific pan-genomes of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: genome stability and adaptive radiation","volume":"14","author":"Mongodin","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Genomics."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73066","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073066","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing of Borrelia burgdorferi suggests existence of lineages with differential pathogenic properties in humans","volume":"8","author":"Hanincova","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12C.5.1","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471729259.mc12c05s34","article-title":"Molecular typing of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Microbiol"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2205.151806","article-title":"Differences in genotype, clinical features, and inflammatory potential of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto Strains from Europe and the United States","volume":"22","author":"Cerar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004238","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004238","article-title":"Strain-specific variation of the decorin-binding adhesin DbpA influences the tissue tropism of the lyme disease spirochete","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13437","article-title":"Global Tn-seq analysis of carbohydrate utilization and vertebrate infectivity of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"101","author":"Troy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006225","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006225","article-title":"A high-throughput genetic screen identifies previously uncharacterized Borrelia burgdorferi genes important for resistance against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species","volume":"13","author":"Ramsey","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007644","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007644","article-title":"Genome-wide screen identifies novel genes required for Borrelia burgdorferi survival in its Ixodes tick vector","volume":"15","author":"Phelan","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3374","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00048-08","article-title":"A genome-wide proteome array reveals a limited set of immunogens in natural infections of humans and white-footed mice with Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"76","author":"Barbour","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00658","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00658-16","article-title":"Comprehensive spatial analysis of the Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteome reveals a compartmentalization bias toward the bacterial surface","volume":"199","author":"Dowdell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Bacteriol."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.28317-0","article-title":"Lipoprotein computational prediction in spirochaetal genomes","volume":"152","author":"Setubal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbiology."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7043737","article-title":"Lyme disease-a tick-borne spirochetosis?","volume":"216","author":"Burgdorfer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030463","article-title":"Proteomic as an exploratory approach to develop vaccines against tick-borne diseases using Lyme borreliosis as a test case","volume":"8","author":"Talagrand-Reboul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccines."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13800","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013800","article-title":"Proteome analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi response to environmental change","volume":"5","author":"Angel","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201400177","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of three Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato native species and disseminating clones: relevance for Lyme vaccine design","volume":"15","author":"Schnell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proteomics."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201400164","article-title":"Trans-proteomic pipeline, a standardized data processing pipeline for large-scale reproducible proteomics informatics","volume":"9","author":"Deutsch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proteomics Clin Appl."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.04.011","article-title":"Microbiome analysis of Ixodes scapularis ticks from New York and Connecticut","volume":"10","author":"Tokarz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10650","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010650","article-title":"Genotypic variation and mixtures of Lyme Borrelia in Ixodes ticks from North America and Europe","volume":"5","author":"Crowder","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.3.652-656.1996","article-title":"Multiple infections of Ixodes scapularis ticks by Borrelia burgdorferi as revealed by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis","volume":"34","author":"Guttman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.135.11.1329","article-title":"Infection with multiple strains of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in patients with Lyme disease","volume":"135","author":"Seinost","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.3.565-569.1999","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Borrelia burgdorferi in lyme disease patients as determined by culture versus direct PCR with clinical specimens","volume":"37","author":"Liveris","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3911","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.1159","article-title":"Hosts as ecological traps for the vector of Lyme disease","volume":"276","author":"Keesing","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci."},{"key":"B175","first-page":"63","article-title":"Physiologic and genetic factors influencing the zoonotic cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume-title":"Spirochete Biology: The Post Genomic Era","author":"Stewart","year":"2018"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1089\/153036601750137624","article-title":"A relapsing fever group spirochete transmitted by Ixodes scapularis ticks","volume":"1","author":"Scoles","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2012.06.008","article-title":"Transovarial transmission of Borrelia spirochetes by Ixodes scapularis: a summary of the literature and recent observations","volume":"4","author":"Rollend","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0400-5","article-title":"Interactions between Borrelia burgdorferi and ticks","volume":"18","author":"Kurokawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-018-0161-6","article-title":"Ixodes scapularis does not harbor a stable midgut microbiome","volume":"12","author":"Ross","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00142","article-title":"Sharing the ride: ixodes scapularis symbionts and their interactions","volume":"10","author":"Stewart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.12.001","article-title":"Gut microbiota of the tick vector Ixodes scapularis modulate colonization of the Lyme disease spirochete","volume":"15","author":"Narasimhan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fiz167","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiz167","article-title":"Cross-kingdom analysis of nymphal-stage Ixodes scapularis microbial communities in relation to Borrelia burgdorferi infection and load","volume":"95","author":"Landesman","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol."},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.11.005","article-title":"Wonders of tick saliva","volume":"10","author":"Nuttall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00281","article-title":"The essential role of tick salivary glands and saliva in tick feeding and pathogen transmission","volume":"7","author":"\u0160imo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00337","article-title":"Ticks and tick-borne pathogens at the cutaneous interface: host defenses, tick countermeasures, and a suitable environment for pathogen establishment","volume":"4","author":"Wikel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44593","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44593","article-title":"Ticks elicit variable fibrinogenolytic activities upon feeding on hosts with different immune backgrounds","volume":"7","author":"Vora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1998.4296","article-title":"Ixodes scapularis: salivary kininase activity is a metallo dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase","volume":"89","author":"Ribeiro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol."},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4838(00)00168-0","article-title":"Tick histamine-binding proteins: lipocalins with a second binding cavity","volume":"1482","author":"Paesen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta."},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00554","article-title":"Discovery of exosomes from tick saliva and salivary glands reveals therapeutic roles for CXCL12 and IL-8 in wound healing at the tick-human skin interface","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol."},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12853","article-title":"Ixodes tick saliva suppresses the keratinocyte cytokine response to TLR2\/TLR3 ligands during early exposure to Lyme borreliosis","volume":"25","author":"Bernard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol."},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1638-7","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of tick saliva on dermal cells exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease","volume":"9","author":"Scholl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vect."},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004323","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004323","article-title":"Ixodes scapularis tick saliva proteins sequentially secreted every 24 h during blood feeding","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.022","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation","volume":"140","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.5.2660","article-title":"Coevolution of markers of innate and adaptive immunity in skin and peripheral blood of patients with erythema migrans","volume":"171","author":"Salazar","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00175","article-title":"Mechanisms of Borrelia burgdorferi internalization and intracellular innate immune signaling","volume":"4","author":"Petnicki-Ocwieja","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009030","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009030","article-title":"A human secretome library screen reveals a role for peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 in Lyme borreliosis","volume":"16","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1112078109","article-title":"CD14 cooperates with complement receptor 3 to mediate MyD88-independent phagocytosis of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"109","author":"Hawley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.7136","article-title":"CD14 targets complement receptor 3 to lipid rafts during phagocytosis of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"9","author":"Hawley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.13395","article-title":"Serum C3 enhances complement receptor 3-mediated phagocytosis of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"11","author":"Hawley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008163","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008163","article-title":"Regulation of macrophage activity by surface receptors contained within Borrelia burgdorferi-enriched phagosomal fractions","volume":"15","author":"Carreras-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000447","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000447","article-title":"The urokinase receptor (uPAR) facilitates clearance of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"5","author":"Hovius","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00890-12","article-title":"TRIF mediates Toll-like receptor 2-dependent inflammatory responses to Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"81","author":"Petnicki-Ocwieja","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e100174","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100174","article-title":"Induction of type I and type III interferons by Borrelia burgdorferi correlates with pathogenesis and requires linear plasmid 36","volume":"9","author":"Krupna-Gaylord","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2016.02.005","article-title":"Microbial pathogenesis and type III interferons","volume":"29","author":"Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00119","article-title":"Interferon lambda: modulating immunity in infectious diseases","volume":"8","author":"Syedbasha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0413206","article-title":"Human TLR8 is activated upon recognition of Borrelia burgdorferi RNA in the phagosome of human monocytes","volume":"94","author":"Cervantes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol."},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01666-06","article-title":"Phagocytosis of Borrelia burgdorferi and Treponema pallidum potentiates innate immune activation and induces gamma interferon production","volume":"75","author":"Moore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01617-14","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi RNA induces type I and III interferons via Toll-like receptor 7 and contributes to production of NF-\u03baB-dependent cytokines","volume":"82","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e93243","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093243","article-title":"Serum inflammatory mediators as markers of human Lyme disease activity","volume":"9","author":"Soloski","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw599","article-title":"Expression of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A in early to late manifestations of Lyme disease","volume":"63","author":"Uhde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B211","first-page":"253","article-title":"Specific proteins","volume-title":"Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods","author":"McPherson","year":"2017"},{"key":"B212","volume-title":"C Reactive Protein (CRP)","author":"Nehring","year":"2020"},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166.e17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.06.057","article-title":"What does minor elevation of C-reactive protein signify?","volume":"119","author":"Kushner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.7326\/L15-5126","article-title":"What should we regard as an \u201celevated\u201d C-reactive protein level?","volume":"163","author":"Kushner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.09.002","article-title":"2010 ACCF\/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines","volume":"56","author":"Greenland","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12954","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12954","article-title":"Robust interferon signature and suppressed tissue repair gene expression in synovial tissue from patients with postinfectious, Borrelia burgdorferi-induced Lyme arthritis","volume":"21","author":"Lochhead","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0800729","article-title":"CCR7 ligands are required for development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through generating IL-23-dependent Th17 cells","volume":"183","author":"Kuwabara","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-013-0407-3","article-title":"Complexities in the relationship between infection and autoimmunity","volume":"14","author":"Root-Bernstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-69968-4_2","article-title":"Microbial triggers in autoimmunity, severe allergy, and autoallergy","volume-title":"Allergy Prevention and Exacerbation","author":"Badloe","year":"2017"},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199007263230402","article-title":"Association of chronic Lyme arthritis with HLA-DR4 and HLA-DR2 alleles","volume":"323","author":"Steere","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5377.703","article-title":"Identification of LFA-1 as a candidate autoantigen in treatment-resistant Lyme arthritis","volume":"281","author":"Gross","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20052471","article-title":"Antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis is associated with HLA-DR molecules that bind a Borrelia burgdorferi peptide","volume":"203","author":"Steere","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.4.2486","article-title":"Autoantibodies from synovial lesions in chronic, antibiotic treatment-resistant Lyme arthritis bind cytokeratin-10","volume":"177","author":"Ghosh","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2007.04.017","article-title":"Human homologues of a Borrelia T cell epitope associated with antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis","volume":"45","author":"Drouin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Immunol."},{"key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M110","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M110.002477","article-title":"Peptides presented by HLA-DR molecules in synovia of patients with rheumatoid arthritis or antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis","volume":"10","author":"Seward","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics."},{"key":"B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38618","article-title":"Antibodies to endothelial cell growth factor and obliterative microvascular lesions in the synovium of patients with antibiotic-refractory lyme arthritis","volume":"66","author":"Londo\u00f1o","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2015.07.005","article-title":"Annexin A2 is a target of autoimmune T and B cell responses associated with synovial fibroblast proliferation in patients with antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis","volume":"160","author":"Pianta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40566","article-title":"Correlation of Lyme disease-associated IgG4 autoantibodies with synovial pathology in antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis","volume":"70","author":"Sulka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2016.02.005","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-10 is a target of T and B cell responses that correlate with synovial pathology in patients with antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis","volume":"69","author":"Crowley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Autoimmun."},{"key":"B230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.12.28.20248807","article-title":"Autoimmunity to the lung protective phospholipid-binding protein Annexin A2 predicts mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients","volume-title":"Eur Respir J","author":"Zuniga","year":"2021"},{"key":"B231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-091213-112844","article-title":"The medium is the message: interspecies and interkingdom signaling by peptidoglycan and related bacterial glycans","volume":"68","author":"Dworkin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol."},{"key":"B232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.136","article-title":"Peptidoglycan recognition by the innate immune system","volume":"18","author":"Wolf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00500","article-title":"Peptidoglycan muropeptides: release, perception, and functions as signaling molecules","volume":"10","author":"Irazoki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00354","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00354-17","article-title":"Attention seeker: production, modification, and release of inflammatory peptidoglycan fragments in neisseria species","volume":"199","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Bacteriol."},{"key":"B235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.076","article-title":"Hexokinase is an innate immune receptor for the detection of bacterial peptidoglycan","volume":"166","author":"Wolf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2004.12.008","article-title":"The role of peptidoglycan in pathogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Boneca","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol."},{"key":"B237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/40.4.438","article-title":"Peptidoglycan from sterile human spleen induces T-cell proliferation and inflammatory mediators in rheumatoid arthritis patients and healthy subjects","volume":"40","author":"Schrijver","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rheumatology."},{"key":"B238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.8.1544","article-title":"Bacterial peptidoglycan and immune reactivity in the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis","volume":"124","author":"Schrijver","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-38198-8","article-title":"Spectrum of microbial sequences and a bacterial cell wall antigen in primary demyelination brain specimens obtained from living patients","volume":"9","author":"Kriesel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1975.tb00846.x","article-title":"Chemical studies on the cell walls of Leptorspira biflexa strain Urawa and Treponema pallidum strain Reiter","volume":"19","author":"Azuma","year":"1975","journal-title":"Jpn J Microbiol."},{"key":"B241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1984.tb00706.x","article-title":"Chemical compositions of cell walls and polysaccharide fractions of spirochetes","volume":"28","author":"Yanagihara","year":"1984","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol."},{"key":"B242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(90)91734-A","article-title":"Isolation, preliminary chemical characterization, and biological activity of Borrelia burgdorferi peptidoglycan","volume":"167","author":"Beck","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun."},{"key":"B243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4616","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00864-15","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, forms drug-tolerant persister cells","volume":"59","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0207-4","article-title":"Definitions and guidelines for research on antibiotic persistence","volume":"17","author":"Balaban","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-020518-115650","article-title":"Bacterial persisters and infection: past, present, and progressing","volume":"73","author":"Gollan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol."},{"key":"B246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-25241-0","volume-title":"Persister Cells and Infectious Disease","author":"Lewis","year":"2019"},{"key":"B247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit810","article-title":"A systematic review of Borrelia burgdorferi morphologic variants does not support a role in chronic Lyme disease","volume":"58","author":"Lantos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.2.2.15014","article-title":"The intrinsic resistome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to \u03b2-lactams","volume":"2","author":"Alvarez-Ortega","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virulence."},{"key":"B249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33275","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033275","article-title":"Evaluation of genetic mutations associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to amikacin, kanamycin and capreomycin: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Georghiou","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0402.980207","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis: molecular perspectives","volume":"4","author":"Rattan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000009","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000009","article-title":"An RND-type efflux system in Borrelia burgdorferi is involved in virulence and resistance to antimicrobial compounds","volume":"4","author":"Bunikis","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1557","article-title":"Persister cells, dormancy and infectious disease","volume":"5","author":"Lewis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol."},{"key":"B253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.112408.134306","article-title":"Persister cells","volume":"64","author":"Lewis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol."},{"key":"B254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6288","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00883-15","article-title":"Persister development by Borrelia burgdorferi populations in vitro","volume":"59","author":"Caskey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2012.00331.x","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis: success through dormancy","volume":"36","author":"Gengenbacher","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.2.187","article-title":"Syphilis: review with emphasis on clinical, epidemiologic, and some biologic features","volume":"12","author":"Singh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3846","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13897","article-title":"Sleeper cells: the stringent response and persistence in the Borreliella (Borrelia) burgdorferi enzootic cycle","volume":"19","author":"Cabello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"B258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00690","article-title":"The functional and molecular effects of doxycycline treatment on Borrelia burgdorferi phenotype","volume":"10","author":"Caskey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc073063","article-title":"An appraisal of \u201cchronic Lyme disease","volume":"358","author":"Mayer","year":"2008"},{"key":"B260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1086\/518853","article-title":"Counterpoint: long-term antibiotic therapy improves persistent symptoms associated with lyme disease","volume":"45","author":"Stricker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1086\/518854","article-title":"Point: antibiotic therapy is not the answer for patients with persisting symptoms attributable to lyme disease","volume":"45","author":"Auwaerter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-012-0126-6","article-title":"Post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome symptomatology and the impact on life functioning: is there something here?","volume":"22","author":"Aucott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Qual Life Res."},{"key":"B263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1089\/153036602321653842","article-title":"Controlled trials of antibiotic treatment in patients with post-treatment chronic Lyme disease","volume":"2","author":"Klempner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"B264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1505425","article-title":"Randomized trial of longer-term therapy for symptoms attributed to Lyme disease","volume":"374","author":"Berende","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107123450202","article-title":"Two controlled trials of antibiotic treatment in patients with persistent symptoms and a history of Lyme disease","volume":"345","author":"Klempner","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.628045","article-title":"Detection of Borrelia spirochetes in autopsy specimens: validation and a case study","volume":"12","author":"Embers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.1.111-116.1997","article-title":"Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi in experimentally infected dogs after antibiotic treatment","volume":"35","author":"Straubinger","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29914","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/4cafed66-fb84-4589-a001-131d9c50aea6","article-title":"Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi in rhesus macaques following antibiotic treatment of disseminated infection","volume":"7","author":"Embers","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e86907","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086907","article-title":"Resurgence of persisting non-cultivable Borrelia burgdorferi following antibiotic treatment in mice","volume":"9","author":"Hodzic","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit939","article-title":"Xenodiagnosis to detect Borrelia burgdorferi infection: a first-in-human study","volume":"58","author":"Marques","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit942","article-title":"Xenodiagnosis for posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome: resolving the conundrum or adding to it?","volume":"58","author":"Bockenstedt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1086\/345284","article-title":"Detection of attenuated, noninfectious spirochetes in Borrelia burgdorferi-infected mice after antibiotic treatment","volume":"186","author":"Bockenstedt","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01050-07","article-title":"Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi following antibiotic treatment in mice","volume":"52","author":"Hodzic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00788-09","article-title":"Ineffectiveness of tigecycline against persistent Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"54","author":"Barthold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"B275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0189071","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189071","article-title":"Variable manifestations, diverse seroreactivity and post-treatment persistence in non-human primates exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi by tick feeding","volume":"12","author":"Embers","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2017.11.005","article-title":"Late disseminated Lyme disease: associated pathology and spirochete persistence posttreatment in rhesus macaques","volume":"188","author":"Crossland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Pathol."},{"key":"B277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI63975","article-title":"Remains of infection","volume-title":"J Clin Investig","author":"Barbour","year":"2012"},{"key":"B278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2012.1012","article-title":"Critical analysis of treatment trials of rhesus macaques infected with Borrelia burgdorferi reveals important flaws in experimental design","volume":"12","author":"Wormser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoon Dis."},{"key":"B279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00249","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00249-18","article-title":"Relationship between the viable but nonculturable state and antibiotic persister cells","volume":"200","author":"Ayrapetyan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Bacteriol."},{"key":"B280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2014.00103","article-title":"Current perspectives on viable but non-culturable (VBNC) pathogenic bacteria","volume":"2","author":"Ramamurthy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"key":"B281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00258","article-title":"The importance of the viable but non-culturable state in human bacterial pathogens","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00012150","article-title":"Vibrio vulnificus: a physiological and genetic approach to the viable but nonculturable response","volume":"6","author":"Rice","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother."},{"key":"B283","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-017-2218-5","article-title":"Survival strategies of Escherichia coli and Vibrio spp","volume":"33","author":"Orru\u00f1o","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J Microbiol Biotechnol."},{"key":"B284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwz130","article-title":"Risk factors for bites and diseases associated with black-legged ticks: a meta-analysis","volume":"188","author":"Fischhoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B285","unstructured":"Preventing tick bitesCDC2019"},{"key":"B286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v40i05a04","article-title":"Lyme disease prevention and control - the way forward","volume":"40","author":"Beard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can Commun Dis Rep."},{"key":"B287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.2386","article-title":"Tick-borne disease risk in a forest food web","volume":"99","author":"Ostfeld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecology."},{"key":"B288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20160117","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0117","article-title":"Lyme disease ecology in a changing world: consensus, uncertainty and critical gaps for improving control","volume":"372","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci."},{"key":"B289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3244","DOI":"10.1890\/14-0980.1","article-title":"The negative relationship between mammal host diversity and Lyme disease incidence strengthens through time","volume":"95","author":"Turney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"B290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00544","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00544-20","article-title":"Serologic evidence for the exposure of eastern coyotes (Canis latrans) in Pennsylvania to the tick-borne pathogens Borreliella burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum","volume":"5","author":"Izac","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere."},{"key":"B291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12245","article-title":"Will culling white-tailed deer prevent lyme disease?","volume":"63","author":"Kugeler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health."},{"key":"B292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1402.070725","article-title":"Effectiveness of personal protective measures to prevent Lyme disease","volume":"14","author":"V\u00e1zquez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B293","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2018.11.004","article-title":"Interventions to prevent Lyme disease in humans: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Richardson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep."},{"key":"B294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4484-3","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of tick-borne disease risk factors in residential yards, neighborhoods, and beyond","volume":"19","author":"Fischhoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"B295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.03.005","article-title":"The tick project: testing environmental methods of preventing tick-borne diseases","volume":"34","author":"Keesing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200319","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.0319","article-title":"Current and future spatiotemporal patterns of Lyme disease reporting in the Northeastern United States","volume":"3","author":"Bisanzio","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"key":"B297","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140051","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0051","article-title":"Climate change and Ixodes tick-borne diseases of humans","volume":"370","author":"Ostfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci."},{"key":"B298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.7.2909","article-title":"Induction of an outer surface protein on Borrelia burgdorferi during tick feeding","volume":"92","author":"Schwan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.1.271","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi OspA is an arthropod-specific transmission-blocking Lyme disease vaccine","volume":"183","author":"de Silva","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2.5.683","article-title":"Progress and controversy surrounding vaccines against Lyme disease","volume":"2","author":"Hanson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines."},{"key":"B301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s253","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq116","article-title":"Vaccines against Lyme disease: what happened and what lessons can we learn?","volume":"52","author":"Poland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00006","article-title":"Vaccination against Lyme disease: past, present, and future","volume":"3","author":"Embers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"B303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0714-698","article-title":"Resurrecting the \u201cyuppie vaccine","volume":"20","author":"Willyard","year":"2014"},{"key":"B304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19214","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1913923116","article-title":"Inner Workings: Lyme disease vaccines face familiar challenges, both societal and scientific","volume":"116","author":"Shaffer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz872","article-title":"Protective immunity and new vaccines for Lyme disease","volume":"70","author":"Gomes-Solecki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0184357","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184357","article-title":"The novel Lyme borreliosis vaccine VLA15 shows broad protection against Borrelia species expressing six different OspA serotypes","volume":"12","author":"Comstedt","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B307","unstructured":"Alternative Schedule Study For VLA15, a Vaccine Candidate Against Lyme Borreliosis - Full Text View"},{"key":"B308","unstructured":"Immunogenicity and Safety Study of a Vaccine Against Lyme Borreliosis, in Healthy Adults Aged 18 to 65 Years. Randomized, Controlled, Observer-blind Phase 2 Study. - Full Text View"},{"key":"B309","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-0183-8","article-title":"Design of a broadly reactive Lyme disease vaccine","volume":"5","author":"Kamp","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines."},{"key":"B310","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.04.079","article-title":"Identification of a defined linear epitope in the OspA protein of the Lyme disease spirochetes that elicits bactericidal antibody responses: implications for vaccine development","volume":"35","author":"Izac","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"B311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.02.007","article-title":"Analysis of the antigenic determinants of the OspC protein of the Lyme disease spirochetes: evidence that the C10 motif is not immunodominant or required to elicit bactericidal antibody responses","volume":"37","author":"Izac","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"B312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.01.027","article-title":"Development and optimization of OspC chimeritope vaccinogens for Lyme disease","volume":"38","author":"Izac","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.21775\/cimb.042.191","article-title":"Human and veterinary vaccines for Lyme disease","volume":"42","author":"O'Bier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol."},{"key":"B314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvacx.2020.100079","article-title":"VANGUARD\u00aecrLyme: A next generation Lyme disease vaccine that prevents B. burgdorferi infection in dogs","volume":"6","author":"Marconi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine X."},{"key":"B315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00181","article-title":"Eliminating factor H-binding activity of Borrelia burgdorferi CspZ combined with virus-like particle conjugation enhances its efficacy as a Lyme disease vaccine","volume":"9","author":"Marcinkiewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B316","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3468-x","article-title":"Counterattacking the tick bite: towards a rational design of anti-tick vaccines targeting pathogen transmission","volume":"12","author":"Rego","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors."},{"key":"B317","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1529-y","article-title":"Human pathogens associated with the blacklegged tick Ixodes scapularis: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Nelder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"B318","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2010.131583","article-title":"Prevalence of Borrelia miyamotoi in Ixodes ticks in Europe and the United States","volume":"20","author":"Crowder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2007.131587","article-title":"Borrelia miyamotoi sensu lato seroreactivity and seroprevalence in the northeastern United States","volume":"20","author":"Krause","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1603\/ME13101","article-title":"Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae), and Babesia microti (Piroplasmida: Babesiidae) in Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from recreational lands in the Hudson Valley Region, New York State","volume":"51","author":"Prusinski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Entomol."},{"key":"B321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6806a1","article-title":"Babesiosis Surveillance - United States, 2011-2015","volume":"68","author":"Gray","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ."},{"key":"B322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1089\/153036604773082997","article-title":"Acquisition of different isolates of Anaplasma phagocytophilum by Ixodes scapularis from a model animal","volume":"4","author":"Levin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"B323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1010493","article-title":"Emergence of a new pathogenic Ehrlichia species, Wisconsin and Minnesota, 2009","volume":"365","author":"Pritt","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B324","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0294","article-title":"Prevalence and genetic characterization of Powassan virus strains infecting Ixodes scapularis in Connecticut","volume":"87","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"B325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-185","article-title":"Isolation of deer tick virus (Powassan virus, lineage II) from Ixodes scapularis and detection of antibody in vertebrate hosts sampled in the Hudson Valley, New York State","volume":"6","author":"Dupuis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"B326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.10.006","article-title":"Antibodies against a tick protein, Salp15, protect mice from the Lyme disease agent","volume":"6","author":"Dai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe."},{"key":"B327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.41.010196.000245","article-title":"Host immunity to ticks","volume":"41","author":"Wikel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Rev Entomol."},{"key":"B328","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00222","article-title":"Tick bioactive molecules as novel therapeutics: beyond vaccine targets","volume":"7","author":"Murfin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"B329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00208-0","article-title":"Modulation of the tick gut milieu by a secreted tick protein favors Borrelia burgdorferi colonization","volume":"8","author":"Narasimhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B330","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.06.002","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi chemotaxis toward tick protein Salp12 contributes to acquisition","volume":"10","author":"Murfin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.12.001","article-title":"Host-specific expression of Ixodes scapularis salivary genes","volume":"10","author":"Narasimhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B332","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.101369","article-title":"Ixodes scapularis saliva components that elicit responses associated with acquired tick-resistance","volume":"11","author":"Narasimhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.01.002","article-title":"Pathogen transmission in relation to duration of attachment by Ixodes scapularis ticks","volume":"9","author":"Eisen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2.4.583","article-title":"Advances in the identification and characterization of protective antigens for recombinant vaccines against tick infestations","volume":"2","author":"de la Fuente","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp Rev Vaccines."},{"key":"B335","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.10.099","article-title":"Vaccination with BM86, subolesin and akirin protective antigens for the control of tick infestations in white tailed deer and red deer","volume":"30","author":"Carre\u00f3n","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"B336","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2014.00027","article-title":"The wild side of disease control at the wildlife-livestock-human interface: a review","volume":"1","author":"Gortazar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3755","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01409-14","article-title":"Collection and characterization of samples for establishment of a serum repository for lyme disease diagnostic test development and evaluation","volume":"52","author":"Molins","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix563","article-title":"Transcriptome assessment of erythema migrans skin lesions in patients with early Lyme disease reveals predominant interferon signaling","volume":"217","author":"Marques","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare6040124","article-title":"Removing the mask of average treatment effects in chronic Lyme disease research using big data and subgroup analysis","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Healthc Pap."},{"key":"B340","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare8040383","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment response in chronic Lyme disease: why do some patients improve while others do not?","volume":"8","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Healthcare."},{"key":"B341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S596","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz360.1497","article-title":"1633. Human co-infection with Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti Among High-Risk Hispanic\/Latino Workers on Eastern Long Island, New York: A Preliminary Cross-Sectional Analysis in 2016","volume":"6","author":"Vilcarromero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open For Infect Dis"},{"key":"B342","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S600","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz360.1509","article-title":"1645. High seroprevalence and seroconversion rate of Borrelia burgdorferi infection among Hispanic\/Latino Immigrant Workers in Eastern Suffolk County, New York: A Longitudinal-Based Study","volume":"6","author":"Vilcarromero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open For Infect Dis."},{"key":"B343","unstructured":"CollinsSM Kay Hagan Tick Act. 16572019"},{"key":"B344","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01202-8","article-title":"Immune determinants of COVID-19 disease presentation and severity","volume":"27","author":"Brodin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.666554\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,7]],"date-time":"2023-01-07T09:57:53Z","timestamp":1673085473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.666554\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]]},"references-count":344,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2021.666554"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.666554","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]]},"article-number":"666554"}}