{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T10:55:59Z","timestamp":1785236159388,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Precisely measuring the core body temperature during targeted temperature management after return of spontaneous circulation is mandatory, as deviations from the recommended temperature might result in side effects such as electrolyte imbalances or infections. However, previous methods are invasive and lack easy handling. A disposable, non-invasive temperature sensor using the heat flux approach (Double Sensor), was tested against the standard method: an esophagus thermometer.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> The sensor was placed on the forehead of adult patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 25, M\/F, median age 61 years) with return of spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrest undergoing targeted temperature management. The recorded temperatures were compared to the established measurement method of an esophageal thermometer. A paired <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-test was performed to examine differences between methods. A Bland-Altman-Plot and the intraclass correlation coefficient were used to assess agreement and reliability. To rule out possible influence on measurements, the patients' medication was recorded as well.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Over the span of 1 year and 3 months, data from 25 patients were recorded. The <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-test showed no significant difference between the two measuring methods (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> = 1.47, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.14, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 1,319). Bland-Altman results showed a mean bias of 0.02\u00b0C (95% confidence interval 0.00\u20130.04) and 95% limits of agreement of \u22121.023\u00b0C and 1.066\u00b0C. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.94. No skin irritation or allergic reaction was observed where the sensor was placed. In six patients the bias differed noticeably from the rest of the participants, but no sex-based or ethnicity-based differences could be identified. Influences on the measurements of the Double Sensor by drugs administered could also be ruled out.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> This study could demonstrate that measuring the core body temperature with the non-invasive, disposable sensor shows excellent reliability during targeted temperature management after survived cardiac arrest. Nonetheless, clinical research concerning the implementation of the sensor in other fields of application should be supported, as well as verifying our results by a larger patient cohort to possibly improve the limits of agreement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.666908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T14:40:34Z","timestamp":1620225634000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Measuring Core Body Temperature Using a Non-invasive, Disposable Double-Sensor During Targeted Temperature Management in Post-cardiac Arrest Patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Janke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niklas","family":"Kagelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Storm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina A.","family":"Maggioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Kienast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanns-Christian","family":"Gunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Opatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-008-1335-x","article-title":"A national analysis of the relationship between hospital factors and post-cardiac arrest mortality","volume":"35","author":"Carr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2014.05.028","article-title":"Statewide regionalization of postarrest care for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: association with survival and neurologic outcome","volume":"64","author":"Spaite","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2015.07.018","article-title":"European Resuscitation Council and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine Guidelines for Post-resuscitation Care 2015: Section 5 of the European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015","volume":"95","author":"Nolan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2011.05.022","article-title":"Mild therapeutic hypothermia is associated with favourable outcome in patients after cardiac arrest with non-shockable rhythms","volume":"82","author":"Testori","year":"2011","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD004128","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004128.pub4","article-title":"Hypothermia for neuroprotection in adults after cardiopulmonary resuscitation","volume":"2","author":"Arrich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012689","article-title":"Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest","volume":"346","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.8978","article-title":"Targeted temperature management for 48 vs 24 hours and neurologic outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"318","author":"Kirkegaard","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2015.10.002","article-title":"Cardiac arrest and therapeutic hypothermia","volume":"26","author":"Silverman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181962ad5","article-title":"Therapeutic hypothermia and controlled normothermia in the intensive care unit: practical considerations, side effects, and cooling methods","volume":"37","author":"Polderman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199502000-00004","article-title":"Do standard monitoring sites reflect true brain temperature when profound hypothermia is rapidly induced and reversed?","volume":"82","author":"Stone","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"8P","article-title":"A new technique for monitoring the deep body temperature in man from the intact skin surface","volume":"212","author":"Fox","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2010.03.018","article-title":"Non-invasive continuous cerebral temperature monitoring in patients treated with mild therapeutic hypothermia: an observational pilot study","volume":"81","author":"Zeiner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000319","article-title":"An evaluation of a zero-heat-flux cutaneous thermometer in cardiac surgical patients","volume":"119","author":"Eshraghi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesth Analg."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-018-0143-2","article-title":"Evaluation of the novel non-invasive zero-heat-flux Tcore\u2122 thermometer in cardiac surgical patients","volume":"33","author":"Sastre","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Monit Comput."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000822","article-title":"Intra-operative cutaneous temperature monitoring with zero-heat-flux technique (3M SpotOn) in comparison with oesophageal and arterial temperature: a prospective observational study","volume":"35","author":"Boisson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.005","article-title":"The Double Sensor-A non-invasive device to continuously monitor core temperature in humans on earth and in space","volume":"169","author":"Gunga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aep134","article-title":"Accuracy and precision of a novel non-invasive core thermometer","volume":"103","author":"Kimberger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-013-0047-z","article-title":"The accuracy of a disposable noninvasive core thermometer","volume":"60","author":"Kimberger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth."},{"key":"B19","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2020"},{"key":"B20","unstructured":"RathboneA\n            ShawS\n            KumbhareD\n          ICC.Sample.Size: Calculation of Sample Size and Power for ICC. R Package Version 1.02015"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3972","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5466","article-title":"Sample size formulas for estimating intraclass correlation coefficients with precision and assurance","volume":"31","author":"Zou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stat Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.23736\/S0375-9393.18.12188-2","article-title":"Validation of the zero-heat-flux thermometer (SpotOn\u00ae) in major gynecological surgery to monitor intraoperative core temperature: a comparative study with esophageal core temperature","volume":"85","author":"Kollmann Camaiora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2015.07.033","article-title":"European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015: Section 11. The ethics of resuscitation and end-of-life decisions","volume":"95","author":"Bossaert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","article-title":"World medical association declaration of helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects","volume":"310","author":"Association","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2008.03.004","article-title":"A non-invasive device to continuously determine heat strain in humans","volume":"33","author":"Gunga","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Therm Biol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e93","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMvcm1900481","article-title":"Esophageal temperature measurement","volume":"383","author":"Pasquier","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00981-2","article-title":"Perioperative thermoregulation and heat balance","volume":"387","author":"Sessler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8","article-title":"Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement","volume":"1","author":"Bland","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199112000-00010","article-title":"Isoflurane anesthesia and circadian temperature cycles in humans","volume":"75","author":"Sessler","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1007\/s004240050530","article-title":"Circadian changes in the sweating-to-vasoconstriction interthreshold range","volume":"435","author":"Tayefeh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1966.19.1.3","article-title":"The intraclass correlation coefficient as a measure of reliability","volume":"19","author":"Bartko","year":"1966","journal-title":"Psychol Rep."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-2909.86.2.420","article-title":"Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability","volume":"86","author":"Shrout","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychol Bull."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.6.4.284","article-title":"Guidelines, criteria and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology","volume":"6","author":"Cicchetti","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol Assess."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2006.11.031","article-title":"Reliability of temperatures measured at standard monitoring sites as an index of brain temperature during deep hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass conducted for thoracic aortic reconstruction","volume":"133","author":"Akata","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B35","first-page":"99","article-title":"The choice of the method for body temperature measurement in intensive care patients: a literature review","volume":"63","author":"Peron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prof Inferm."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/64.3.346","article-title":"Body temperature and anaesthesia","volume":"64","author":"Imrie","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s005400300026","article-title":"Deep temperature monitoring using a zero-heat-flow method","volume":"17","author":"Yamakage","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Anesth."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.306","article-title":"Agreement between methods","volume":"74","author":"van Stralen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B39","first-page":"p. 261","article-title":"Non-invasive deep body temperature measurement","volume-title":"Non-invasive physiological measurements","author":"Togawa","year":"1979"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/32\/5\/005","article-title":"Non-invasive continuous core temperature measurement by zero heat flux","volume":"32","author":"Teunissen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol Meas."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2017.03.007","article-title":"Measuring core body temperature with a non-invasive sensor","volume":"66","author":"Savyon Mazgaoker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Therm Biol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aet217","article-title":"Temporal and spatial dispersion of human body temperature during deep hypothermia","volume":"111","author":"Opatz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31817f6d76","article-title":"Temperature monitoring and perioperative thermoregulation","volume":"109","author":"Sessler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199703000-00012","article-title":"Influence of thermoregulatory vasomotion and ambient temperature variation on the accuracy of core-temperature estimates by cutaneous liquid-crystal thermometers","volume":"86","author":"Ikeda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-020-00543-6","article-title":"Accuracy and precision of zero-heat-flux temperature measurements with the 3M Bair Hugger Temperature Monitoring System: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Conway","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Monit Comput."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1515\/BMT.2011.108","article-title":"Temperature measurement","volume":"56","author":"Wartzek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed Tech."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.666908\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T14:40:45Z","timestamp":1620225645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.666908\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2021.666908"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.666908","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"article-number":"666908"}}